Urinalysis Flashcards
Color - Expected finding
Expected finding: pale to deep amber
Indicates ability of kidneys to concentrate urine
Color - Too light
Too light - high fluid intake or excessive output
Color - Too dark
Too dark - decreased fluid intake
excessive fluid loss
diet & medications
pH - Expected finding
4.6 - 8.0, avg. 6.0
Indicates ability of kidneys to help maintain balanced [H+] in blood
pH - too acidic
Too acidic
- high protein diet
- consumption of cranberry juice
pH - too basic
Too basic
- consumption of dairy products or citrus fruits
- vegetarian diet
Specific gravity - Expected finding
1.002 - 1.028
Reflects ability of kidneys to concentrate urine
Specific gravity > 1.028
Dehydration
high urine output
kidney fx too high
Specific gravity
Over-hydration
low urine output
fluid retention
Kidney fx low
Clarity - Expected finding
translucent - will cloud over time
Clarity - cloudiness
presence of other constituents including
- bacteria
- RBCs
- WBCs
- sperm
- prostatic fluid
- vaginal discharge
Odor - Expected Findings
Fresh urine is aromatic
Odor - distinctive odors
-certain foods i.e. garlic, onions, and asparagus
Odor- ammonia-like odor
bacteria present
Odor - sweet syrup odor
may indicate congenital metabolic disorder
Protein - Expected finding
0-20 mg/dL
Protein - > 20 mg/dL
Called proteinuria - indicator of renal disease
- diabetic neuphropthy
- glomerulonephritis
- nephrosis
- toxemia of pregnancy
- benign proteinuria caused by stress or exercise
Glucose - Expected findings
Negative
Glucose Present
Increases with elevated blood sugars and diabetes
Ketones - Expected findings
Negative
Ketones Present
Indicates impaired carbohydrate metabolism
-increases with diabetes, fever, fasting, high-protein diets, starvation, vomiting, postanesthesia period
Hemoglobin - Expected findings
Dipstick method - negative
Microscopic exam -
Hemoglobin - Increased
infection of the urinary tract disease of the bladder glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis trauma nephrolithiasis hemolytic reactions menstration
Bilirubin - Expected findings
Negative
Bilirubin presence
liver disease
Urobilionogen - Expected findings
up to 1 mg/dL
Urobilionogen - Increased
cirrhosis heartfailure liver disease infectious mononucleosis malaria pernicious anemia
Nitrite - Expected findings
Negative
Nitrite presence
Increased in presence of nitrite-forming bacteria
bacteriuria
Leukocyte esterase - Expected findings
Dipstick method - Negative
Microscopic exam -
Leukocyte presence >5/hpf
bacterial infection calculus formation fungal or parasitic infection glomerulonephritis interstitial nephritis tumor
