Urinalysis

Question 1

Color - Expected finding

Answer 1

Expected finding: pale to deep amber

Indicates ability of kidneys to concentrate urine

Question 2

Color - Too light

Answer 2

Too light - high fluid intake or excessive output

Question 3

Color - Too dark

Answer 3

Too dark - decreased fluid intake
excessive fluid loss
diet & medications

Question 4

pH - Expected finding

Answer 4

4.6 - 8.0, avg. 6.0

Indicates ability of kidneys to help maintain balanced [H+] in blood

Question 5

pH - too acidic

Answer 5

Too acidic

• high protein diet
• consumption of cranberry juice

Question 6

pH - too basic

Answer 6

Too basic

• consumption of dairy products or citrus fruits
• vegetarian diet

Question 7

Specific gravity - Expected finding

Answer 7

1.002 - 1.028

Reflects ability of kidneys to concentrate urine

Question 8

Specific gravity > 1.028

Answer 8

Dehydration
high urine output
kidney fx too high

Question 9

Specific gravity

Answer 9

Over-hydration
low urine output
fluid retention
Kidney fx low

Question 10

Clarity - Expected finding

Answer 10

translucent - will cloud over time

Question 11

Clarity - cloudiness

Answer 11

presence of other constituents including

• bacteria
• RBCs
• WBCs
• sperm
• prostatic fluid
• vaginal discharge

Question 12

Odor - Expected Findings

Answer 12

Fresh urine is aromatic

Question 13

Odor - distinctive odors

Answer 13

-certain foods i.e. garlic, onions, and asparagus

Question 14

Odor- ammonia-like odor

Answer 14

bacteria present

Question 15

Odor - sweet syrup odor

Answer 15

may indicate congenital metabolic disorder

Question 16

Protein - Expected finding

Answer 16

0-20 mg/dL

Question 17

Protein - > 20 mg/dL

Answer 17

Called proteinuria - indicator of renal disease

• diabetic neuphropthy
• glomerulonephritis
• nephrosis
• toxemia of pregnancy
• benign proteinuria caused by stress or exercise

Question 18

Glucose - Expected findings

Answer 18

Negative

Question 19

Glucose Present

Answer 19

Increases with elevated blood sugars and diabetes

Question 20

Ketones - Expected findings

Answer 20

Negative

Question 21

Ketones Present

Answer 21

Indicates impaired carbohydrate metabolism

-increases with diabetes, fever, fasting, high-protein diets, starvation, vomiting, postanesthesia period

Question 22

Hemoglobin - Expected findings

Answer 22

Dipstick method - negative

Microscopic exam -

Question 23

Hemoglobin - Increased

Answer 23

infection of the urinary tract
disease of the bladder
glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis
trauma
nephrolithiasis
hemolytic reactions
menstration

Question 24

Bilirubin - Expected findings

Answer 24

Negative

Question 25

Bilirubin presence

Answer 25

liver disease

Question 26

Urobilionogen - Expected findings

Answer 26

up to 1 mg/dL

Question 27

Urobilionogen - Increased

Answer 27

cirrhosis
heartfailure
liver disease
infectious mononucleosis
malaria
pernicious anemia

Question 28

Nitrite - Expected findings

Answer 28

Negative

Question 29

Nitrite presence

Answer 29

Increased in presence of nitrite-forming bacteria

bacteriuria

Question 30

Leukocyte esterase - Expected findings

Answer 30

Dipstick method - Negative

Microscopic exam -

Question 31

Leukocyte presence >5/hpf

Answer 31

bacterial infection
calculus formation
fungal or parasitic infection
glomerulonephritis
interstitial nephritis
tumor