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Clin Path II > urinalysis > Flashcards

urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

why is urinalysis done

A

aid in Dx, screen P for asymptomatic disease, monitor safety and efficacy of therapy

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2
Q

indications of urinalysis

A

aid in Dx of various diseases (renal failure, renal disease, UTI, urolithiasis, neoplasia)
non urinary diseases (diabetes, hepatic failure, azotemia, acidosis)

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3
Q

urinalysis can be used to see if disease is…

A

reversible, irreversible but non-progressive, or irreversible but progressive

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4
Q

what should be included in UA

A

urine specific gravity, color, turbidity, urine pH, chemistry, sediment

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5
Q

monitoring efficacy and safety

A

effectiveness of antibiotic therapy against bacterial infection

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6
Q

urine collected for bacterial cultures

A

must be collected in sterilized containers or syringes

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7
Q

healthy kidneys…

A

concentrate

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8
Q

tabletop urine sample can be used for

A

screening UA

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9
Q

normal voiding sample can be used for

A

routine UA

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10
Q

morning samples are most…

A

concentrated

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11
Q

advantages of normal voiding collection

A

no complications to owner and the owner can do

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12
Q

disadvantages to normal voiding collection

A

samples are frequently contaminated, unsatisfactory for urine culture

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13
Q

compression of bladder

A

external genitalia should be cleaned, bladder is palpated and gentle pressure is applied

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14
Q

advantages of compression of bladder

A

minimal complications to patient, can be collected at will

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15
Q

disadvantages of compression of bladder

A

bladder can be damaged, can force urine into ureters, prostate, and kidney

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16
Q

collection by catheter

A

should be avoided in patients with UTI, should be done atraumatically and aseptically

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17
Q

complications to catheter collection

A

trauma to UT, initiation of UTI, dogs are easier than cats, males easier than females

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18
Q

collection by cystocentesis

A

needle puncture of urinary bladder, less chance of infection, method of choice for urine culture

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19
Q

indications for cysto

A

prevent contamination, temporary decompression

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20
Q

contraindications for cysto

A

insufficient volume of urine, diagnostic limitation

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21
Q

things to remember for collection

A

clean dry container, refrigerate if not using soon, protect from sunlight, avoid contamination

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22
Q

timing for collection

A

early morning sample has best diagnostic significance

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23
Q

specimen preservation

A

should be analyzed within 30 minutes, refrigeration for 6-12 but must come to room temp to be analyzed

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24
Q

shipping specimen

A

1 drop of 40% formalin for every 30 ml of urine, 1 part 5% phenol 9 parts urine

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25
Q

normal volume for dogs

A

approx 20-40 ml/ kg in 24 hours

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26
Q

normal volume for cats

A

28 ml/kg in 24 hours

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27
Q

normal SG in dog

A

> 1.030

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28
Q

normal SG in cat

A

> 1.035

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29
Q

abnormal readings in SG can indicate

A

polyuria or oliguria

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30
Q

polyuria

A

elimination of large quantities of urine

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31
Q

oliguria

A

decreased formation or elimination of urine

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32
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine

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33
Q

normal urine colors

A

transparent, light yellow, yellow, or amber

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34
Q

color comes from two pigments

A

urochrome (oxidation production of colorless urochromogen) and urobilin (degradation product of hemoglobin)

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35
Q

horse urine may turn ____ on standing

A

brown

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36
Q

what can cause urine to be dark yellow, red-brown, or red

A

bilirubinuria, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria

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37
Q

blue urine

A

pseudomonas infection

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38
Q

green urine

A

presence of biliverdin

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39
Q

orange/yellow urine

A

excess urobilin or bilirubin

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40
Q

red, pink, red brown urine

A

hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, porphyrinuria

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41
Q

brown to black urine

A

melanin, methemoglobin, bile pigments

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42
Q

ammonia odor

A

urea is broken down by bacteria

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43
Q

putrid odor

A

presence of large quantity of bacteria

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44
Q

sweet odor

A

presence of ketones

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45
Q

normal urine should be…

A

transparent

46
Q

turbidity is usually caused by…

A

crystals, RBC, WBC, semen, bacteria, yeast

47
Q

specific gravity

A

Urine specific gravity is used to assess the ability of renal tubules to concentrate or dilute glomerular filtrate

48
Q

Urine specific gravity is a measurement of

A

density of urine compared to pure water

49
Q

typically range for hydrated animals

A

dog: 1.015-1.050
cats: 1.030-1.060

50
Q

functionally adequate for SG

A

dog: <1.040
cats: <1.045

51
Q

urinometer is acceptable but requires

A

15 ml of urine

52
Q

proteinuria and glucosuria can

A

increase SG

53
Q

Isosthenuria - 1.008-1.012 - is the SG of

A

glomerular filtrate

54
Q

dehydrated or azotemic patients implies

A

inability of renal concentration ability

55
Q

normal BUN, creatinine, and high SG

A

dehydration

56
Q

increased BUN and creatinine and normal SG

A

pre renal azotemia

57
Q

increased BUN and creatinine with lower SG

A

renal disease, diabetes, pyometra, cushings, medullary washout

58
Q

reagent test strips

A

qualitative and quantitative with color change that measures analyte

59
Q

pH of urine

A

typically acidic in small animals and alkaline in large animals

60
Q

reasons for acidic urine

A

acidosis, d. mellitus, starvation, high protein diet

61
Q

reasons for alkaline urine

A

bacteria, old sample, lactate, bicarbonate, UTI, antibiotic Tx

62
Q

urine pH is crude index of body’s

A

acid-base balance

63
Q

kidneys regulate acid-base balance primarily via

A

excretion of hydrogen ions, ammonium ions and phosphates (metabolic)

64
Q

normal pH in dogs

A

5.2-6.8

65
Q

normal pH in cats

A

6-7

66
Q

normal pH in horses and cows

A

7-8.5

67
Q

normal pH in swine and sheep

A

6-8.5

68
Q

pH can be used for

A

crystal identification

69
Q

proteinuria is concerning bc

A

it can be an early indicator of glomerular disease

70
Q

proteinuria interpretation

A

Inflammation
Hemoglobinuria
Hematuria
Myoglobinuria
Pyuria

71
Q

how to test for glomerular disease

A

protein:creatinine ratio

72
Q

glucosuria

A

can indicate blood glucose levels are above renal threshold which may be caused by D. mellitus, shock, glucose containing fluids, anesthesia

73
Q

positive urine glucose with normal glucose in the blood glucose can indicate…

A

renal tubular disease, renal glycosuria

74
Q

urine ketones

A

may indicate fat mobilization or anaerobic glycolysis observed with starvation, D. mellitus, or shock

75
Q

blood in urine can indicate

A

hematuria, hemoglobinuria, azoturia

76
Q

bilirubin can be increased with

A

cholestasis or hemolysis

77
Q

______ is used to test for bilirubin in the urine

A

ictotest

78
Q

urobilinogen in urine

A

not valuable in vet med, confirms bilirubin

79
Q

leukocytes are not very

A

useful in animals

80
Q

possible causes of pyuria or hematuria

A

trauma, calculi, infection, neoplasia, congestion, microfilaria

81
Q

WBCs may indicate…

A

nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, ureteritis

82
Q

bacteriuria is possible without _____ in dogs can cats

A

pyuria

83
Q

3 types of epithelial cells found in urine

A

squamous, transitional, renal tubular

84
Q

squamous cells are from the…

A

genital tract

85
Q

transitional cells are from the…

A

urinary tract

86
Q

renal cells are from the…

A

renal tubules

87
Q

increased number of renal cells indicates

A

tubular necrosis

88
Q

types of casts

A

Hyaline
Epithelial
Leukocyte (WBC)
Fatty
Granular
Waxy
Erythrocyte (RBC)

89
Q

hyaline casts

A

rounded ends and parallel sides

90
Q

hyaline casts are caused by

A

the mildest renal irritation

91
Q

epithelial cell casts

A

indicates renal disease, not normal in urine

92
Q

granular casts

A

most common type, need in large numbers, indicates inflammatory process

93
Q

waxy casts

A

long standing granular casts, indicate tubular lesions, not observed in normal urine

94
Q

fatty casts

A

not commonly seen, renal disease or diabetic animals, large numbers can indicate renal tubule disease

95
Q

red blood cell casts

A

not commonly seen, indicates renal hemorrhage, not normal in urine

96
Q

white blood cell cast

A

inflammation of renal tubules, pyelonephritis

97
Q

_______ are commonly seen in urine in male dogs

A

spermatozoa

98
Q

parasite ova in urine

A

Stephanurus dentatus, Pearsonoma plica, Dioctophyma renale

99
Q

crystalluria

A

crystals in the urine; may or may not be significant

100
Q

crystal type depends on

A

urine pH, temperature, and concentration

101
Q

crystals observed in normal urine

A

struvite and amorphous

102
Q

crystals found in horses and cattle

A

calcium oxalate and carbonate

103
Q

struvite shape

A

prism

104
Q

calcium oxalate shape

A

back of an envelope

105
Q

calcium carbonate shape

A

dumbell

106
Q

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are associated with

A

ethylene glycol toxicity

107
Q

ammonium biurate crystals are associated with

A

chronic liver or portal-caval disease

108
Q

ammonium biurate crystals shape

A

thorn apples

109
Q

bilirubin crystals can be observed with

A

hemolysis or cholestasis

110
Q

bilirubin crystal shape

A

sea urchin

111
Q

cysteine crystals would indicate

A

inherited abnormality in cysteine metabolism

Clin Path II (8 decks)

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