urinalysis

Question 1

why is urinalysis done

Answer 1

aid in Dx, screen P for asymptomatic disease, monitor safety and efficacy of therapy

Question 2

indications of urinalysis

Answer 2

aid in Dx of various diseases (renal failure, renal disease, UTI, urolithiasis, neoplasia)
non urinary diseases (diabetes, hepatic failure, azotemia, acidosis)

Question 3

urinalysis can be used to see if disease is…

Answer 3

reversible, irreversible but non-progressive, or irreversible but progressive

Question 4

what should be included in UA

Answer 4

urine specific gravity, color, turbidity, urine pH, chemistry, sediment

Question 5

monitoring efficacy and safety

Answer 5

effectiveness of antibiotic therapy against bacterial infection

Question 6

urine collected for bacterial cultures

Answer 6

must be collected in sterilized containers or syringes

Question 7

healthy kidneys…

Answer 7

concentrate

Question 8

tabletop urine sample can be used for

Answer 8

screening UA

Question 9

normal voiding sample can be used for

Answer 9

routine UA

Question 10

morning samples are most…

Answer 10

concentrated

Question 11

advantages of normal voiding collection

Answer 11

no complications to owner and the owner can do

Question 12

disadvantages to normal voiding collection

Answer 12

samples are frequently contaminated, unsatisfactory for urine culture

Question 13

compression of bladder

Answer 13

external genitalia should be cleaned, bladder is palpated and gentle pressure is applied

Question 14

advantages of compression of bladder

Answer 14

minimal complications to patient, can be collected at will

Question 15

disadvantages of compression of bladder

Answer 15

bladder can be damaged, can force urine into ureters, prostate, and kidney

Question 16

collection by catheter

Answer 16

should be avoided in patients with UTI, should be done atraumatically and aseptically

Question 17

complications to catheter collection

Answer 17

trauma to UT, initiation of UTI, dogs are easier than cats, males easier than females

Question 18

collection by cystocentesis

Answer 18

needle puncture of urinary bladder, less chance of infection, method of choice for urine culture

Question 19

indications for cysto

Answer 19

prevent contamination, temporary decompression

Question 20

contraindications for cysto

Answer 20

insufficient volume of urine, diagnostic limitation

Question 21

things to remember for collection

Answer 21

clean dry container, refrigerate if not using soon, protect from sunlight, avoid contamination

Question 22

timing for collection

Answer 22

early morning sample has best diagnostic significance

Question 23

specimen preservation

Answer 23

should be analyzed within 30 minutes, refrigeration for 6-12 but must come to room temp to be analyzed

Question 24

shipping specimen

Answer 24

1 drop of 40% formalin for every 30 ml of urine, 1 part 5% phenol 9 parts urine

Question 25

normal volume for dogs

Answer 25

approx 20-40 ml/ kg in 24 hours

Question 26

normal volume for cats

Answer 26

28 ml/kg in 24 hours

Question 27

normal SG in dog

Answer 27

>1.030

Question 28

normal SG in cat

Answer 28

>1.035

Question 29

abnormal readings in SG can indicate

Answer 29

polyuria or oliguria

Question 30

polyuria

Answer 30

elimination of large quantities of urine

Question 31

oliguria

Answer 31

decreased formation or elimination of urine

Question 32

anuria

Answer 32

absence of urine

Question 33

normal urine colors

Answer 33

transparent, light yellow, yellow, or amber

Question 34

color comes from two pigments

Answer 34

urochrome (oxidation production of colorless urochromogen) and urobilin (degradation product of hemoglobin)

Question 35

horse urine may turn ____ on standing

Answer 35

brown

Question 36

what can cause urine to be dark yellow, red-brown, or red

Answer 36

bilirubinuria, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria

Question 37

blue urine

Answer 37

pseudomonas infection

Question 38

green urine

Answer 38

presence of biliverdin

Question 39

orange/yellow urine

Answer 39

excess urobilin or bilirubin

Question 40

red, pink, red brown urine

Answer 40

hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, porphyrinuria

Question 41

brown to black urine

Answer 41

melanin, methemoglobin, bile pigments

Question 42

ammonia odor

Answer 42

urea is broken down by bacteria

Question 43

putrid odor

Answer 43

presence of large quantity of bacteria

Question 44

sweet odor

Answer 44

presence of ketones

Question 45

normal urine should be...

Answer 45

transparent

Question 46

turbidity is usually caused by...

Answer 46

crystals, RBC, WBC, semen, bacteria, yeast

Question 47

specific gravity

Answer 47

Urine specific gravity is used to assess the ability of renal tubules to concentrate or dilute glomerular filtrate

Question 48

Urine specific gravity is a measurement of

Answer 48

density of urine compared to pure water

Question 49

typically range for hydrated animals

Answer 49

dog: 1.015-1.050 cats: 1.030-1.060

Question 50

functionally adequate for SG

Answer 50

dog: <1.040 cats: <1.045

Question 51

urinometer is acceptable but requires

Answer 51

15 ml of urine

Question 52

proteinuria and glucosuria can

Answer 52

increase SG

Question 53

Isosthenuria - 1.008-1.012 - is the SG of

Answer 53

glomerular filtrate

Question 54

dehydrated or azotemic patients implies

Answer 54

inability of renal concentration ability

Question 55

normal BUN, creatinine, and high SG

Answer 55

dehydration

Question 56

increased BUN and creatinine and normal SG

Answer 56

pre renal azotemia

Question 57

increased BUN and creatinine with lower SG

Answer 57

renal disease, diabetes, pyometra, cushings, medullary washout

Question 58

reagent test strips

Answer 58

qualitative and quantitative with color change that measures analyte

Question 59

pH of urine

Answer 59

typically acidic in small animals and alkaline in large animals

Question 60

reasons for acidic urine

Answer 60

acidosis, d. mellitus, starvation, high protein diet

Question 61

reasons for alkaline urine

Answer 61

bacteria, old sample, lactate, bicarbonate, UTI, antibiotic Tx

Question 62

urine pH is crude index of body's

Answer 62

acid-base balance

Question 63

kidneys regulate acid-base balance primarily via

Answer 63

excretion of hydrogen ions, ammonium ions and phosphates (metabolic)

Question 64

normal pH in dogs

Answer 64

5.2-6.8

Question 65

normal pH in cats

Answer 65

6-7

Question 66

normal pH in horses and cows

Answer 66

7-8.5

Question 67

normal pH in swine and sheep

Answer 67

6-8.5

Question 68

pH can be used for

Answer 68

crystal identification

Question 69

proteinuria is concerning bc

Answer 69

it can be an early indicator of glomerular disease

Question 70

proteinuria interpretation

Answer 70

Inflammation Hemoglobinuria Hematuria Myoglobinuria Pyuria

Question 71

how to test for glomerular disease

Answer 71

protein:creatinine ratio

Question 72

glucosuria

Answer 72

can indicate blood glucose levels are above renal threshold which may be caused by D. mellitus, shock, glucose containing fluids, anesthesia

Question 73

positive urine glucose with normal glucose in the blood glucose can indicate...

Answer 73

renal tubular disease, renal glycosuria

Question 74

urine ketones

Answer 74

may indicate fat mobilization or anaerobic glycolysis observed with starvation, D. mellitus, or shock

Question 75

blood in urine can indicate

Answer 75

hematuria, hemoglobinuria, azoturia

Question 76

bilirubin can be increased with

Answer 76

cholestasis or hemolysis

Question 77

______ is used to test for bilirubin in the urine

Answer 77

ictotest

Question 78

urobilinogen in urine

Answer 78

not valuable in vet med, confirms bilirubin

Question 79

leukocytes are not very

Answer 79

useful in animals

Question 80

possible causes of pyuria or hematuria

Answer 80

trauma, calculi, infection, neoplasia, congestion, microfilaria

Question 81

WBCs may indicate...

Answer 81

nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, ureteritis

Question 82

bacteriuria is possible without _____ in dogs can cats

Answer 82

pyuria

Question 83

3 types of epithelial cells found in urine

Answer 83

squamous, transitional, renal tubular

Question 84

squamous cells are from the...

Answer 84

genital tract

Question 85

transitional cells are from the...

Answer 85

urinary tract

Question 86

renal cells are from the...

Answer 86

renal tubules

Question 87

increased number of renal cells indicates

Answer 87

tubular necrosis

Question 88

types of casts

Answer 88

Hyaline Epithelial Leukocyte (WBC) Fatty Granular Waxy Erythrocyte (RBC)

Question 89

hyaline casts

Answer 89

rounded ends and parallel sides

Question 90

hyaline casts are caused by

Answer 90

the mildest renal irritation

Question 91

epithelial cell casts

Answer 91

indicates renal disease, not normal in urine

Question 92

granular casts

Answer 92

most common type, need in large numbers, indicates inflammatory process

Question 93

waxy casts

Answer 93

long standing granular casts, indicate tubular lesions, not observed in normal urine

Question 94

fatty casts

Answer 94

not commonly seen, renal disease or diabetic animals, large numbers can indicate renal tubule disease

Question 95

red blood cell casts

Answer 95

not commonly seen, indicates renal hemorrhage, not normal in urine

Question 96

white blood cell cast

Answer 96

inflammation of renal tubules, pyelonephritis

Question 97

_______ are commonly seen in urine in male dogs

Answer 97

spermatozoa

Question 98

parasite ova in urine

Answer 98

Stephanurus dentatus, Pearsonoma plica, Dioctophyma renale

Question 99

crystalluria

Answer 99

crystals in the urine; may or may not be significant

Question 100

crystal type depends on

Answer 100

urine pH, temperature, and concentration

Question 101

crystals observed in normal urine

Answer 101

struvite and amorphous

Question 102

crystals found in horses and cattle

Answer 102

calcium oxalate and carbonate

Question 103

struvite shape

Answer 103

prism

Question 104

calcium oxalate shape

Answer 104

back of an envelope

Question 105

calcium carbonate shape

Answer 105

dumbell

Question 106

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are associated with

Answer 106

ethylene glycol toxicity

Question 107

ammonium biurate crystals are associated with

Answer 107

chronic liver or portal-caval disease

Question 108

ammonium biurate crystals shape

Answer 108

thorn apples

Question 109

bilirubin crystals can be observed with

Answer 109

hemolysis or cholestasis

Question 110

bilirubin crystal shape

Answer 110

sea urchin

Question 111

cysteine crystals would indicate

Answer 111

inherited abnormality in cysteine metabolism