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Clin Path II > blood chemistry > Flashcards

blood chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

why do blood chemistry

A

evaluates organ system functions

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2
Q

vt role

A

know variety of testing procedures, rationale behind the analyses, know proper collection and handling

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3
Q

how long to fast patient

A

minimum 2 hours, ideal 4-6 hours

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4
Q

enough blood should be collected to run _______

A

3 tests

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5
Q

the organ we cannot really test for is ______

A

the lungs

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6
Q

what effects the quality of sample?

A

venipuncture technique (traumatic stick), transferring blood into tube, avoid hemolysis

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7
Q

storage of blood sample

A

if cannot be centrifuged within the hour, refrigerate
if cannot be run within 4 hours, plasma or serum should be separated and refrigerated

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8
Q

transport of blood sample

A

wrap ice pack with paper towels to avoid touching

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9
Q

red top tube

A

contains nothing, serum will separate after centrifuge, glucose is metabolized at 10%/hr when in contact with cells

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10
Q

tiger top tube

A

serum separator, serum cannot contact cells once centrifuged, invert tube to activate clotting

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11
Q

gray top

A

potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride, glucose determination

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12
Q

green top

A

heparin, frozen or stored overnight

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13
Q

how are tests performed

A

reagent strips, photometers, abaxis, idexx

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14
Q

isoenzyme

A

multiple organ sources

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15
Q

enzymes are normally _______ in blood

A

low

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16
Q

if enzymes are high

A

cells have ruptured and leaked enzymes into serum

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17
Q

indirect assays

A

measure enzymatic reaction

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18
Q

endpoint

A

reaction between sample and enzyme reaches a stable end-point and standard curve determines enzyme level

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19
Q

kinetic

A

do not reach end-point so reaction is measured at specific time after reaction started

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20
Q

liver functions

A

synthesis of plasma proteins, clotting factors, metabolism, detox, secretion of bile

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21
Q

when hepatocytes are damaged…

A

enzymes leak into blood causing rise in levels

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22
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

A

liver specific

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23
Q

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

A

non organ specific

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24
Q

ALT

A

source is hepatocytes, no correlation with liver damage, steroids or anticonvulsants can elevate

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25
Q

AST

A

not liver specific, hepatic disease, muscle inflammation or necrosis, hemolysis

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26
Q

what do you run to test ASt

A

creatine kinase

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27
Q

Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SD)

A

primarily from hepatocyte, all domestic species (large animal), unstable in serum

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28
Q

Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GD)

A

large animals, hepatcytes

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29
Q

Enzymes associated with cholestasis (bile duct obstruction) and hepatocyte metabolic defects

A

Alkaline Phosphatase (AP, ALKP)
Gamma Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)
not useful in sheep

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30
Q

ALKP

A

sources: young animal (osteoblasts, chondroblasts), old animals (hepatobiliary cells)

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31
Q

GGT or peptidase

A

primary source: liver, cattle horse sheep and goat

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32
Q

heme metabolite pigment

A

bound to albumin, carried to liver

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33
Q

the liver does NOT ______ albumin

A

overproduce

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34
Q

urobilinogen

A

formed by GIT bacteria formed from conjugated bilirubin

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35
Q

kidneys

A

play huge role in homeostasis

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36
Q

chem tests for kidneys

A

urea nitrogen and creatinine

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37
Q

BUN

A

evaluate kidney functions and ability to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood

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38
Q

urea

A

principal end product of acid breakdown in mammals (half absorbed half excreted)

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39
Q

if kidney is not functioning properly…

A

BUN will be elevated

40
Q

contamination of urease-producing bacteria can…

A

interfere with results

41
Q

increases of BUN can be caused by

A

dehydration (urea retention), high protein diets, strenuous activity, age and sex

42
Q

creatinine is formed from….

A

creatine found in the skeletal muscle

43
Q

if activity level is constant…

A

then creatine levels will be constant

44
Q

glomeruler filtration rate (GFR)

A

will alter creatine levels

45
Q

serum creatinine

A

evaluates renal function, 75% of kidney must be non functional before levels rise, Jaffe method, enzymatic methods

46
Q

GFR may be ____ times below normal before change is detected

A

4

47
Q

BUN/creatinine ratio is mainly used in

A

human medicine

48
Q

urine protein/ creatinine ratio

A

quantitative assessment of renal proteinuria diagnostic significance

49
Q

in absence of inflammatory cells…

A

protein in urine indicates glomerular disease

50
Q

urine protein/ creatinine ratio steps

A

5-10 ml of urine collected between 10 am -2 pm, centrifuge and use supernatant, obtain protein and creatinine from sample

51
Q

urine protein/ creatinine ratio in healthy dogs

A

<1

52
Q

urine protein/ creatinine ratio renal disease

A

> 5

53
Q

creatinine clearance test

A

water deprivation test (controversial)

54
Q

pancreas

A

actually 2 organs, exocrine and endocrine held together by stroma

55
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

acinar pancreas, largest portion, enzyme rich juice for digestion

56
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

approx 80% of islets B and secrete insulin
approx 20% a secrete glucagon

57
Q

evaluate acinar function

A

amylase and lipase, trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI), pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity

58
Q

amylase

A

primary source: pancreas
increase in amylase is always due to disease

59
Q

what does amylase do

A

breaks down starches and glycogen sugars

60
Q

increased levels in blood during…

A

pancreatitis or obstruction of pancreatic ducts

61
Q

lipase function

A

break down long chain fatty acids of lipids

62
Q

excess lipids are filtered through the

A

kidneys

63
Q

as disease progresses cells are replaced with…

A

connective tissue and cannot produce lipase

64
Q

trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI)

A

radioimmunoassay that uses antibodies to trypsin (detects both trypsin and trypsinogen)

65
Q

when pancreas is injured…

A

trypsinogen is released into extracellular space and converted into trypsin then diffused into blood stream

66
Q

trypsin

A

proteolytic enzyme that aids in digestion and breaks down protein in foods

67
Q

absence of trypsin in feces is…

A

abnormal

68
Q

serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity

A

feline (fPLI) and canine (cPLI) available in snap test

69
Q

endocrine pancreas tests includes

A

glucose, fructosamine, glycosylated hemoglobin

70
Q

what boosts glucose levels

A

glucagon, thyroxine, growth hormone, epi, and glucocorticoids

71
Q

what lowers glucose levels

A

insulin

72
Q

glucose is used to measure…

A

pancreatic function

73
Q

what anticoag is used for glucose texts

A

sodium fluoride

74
Q

fructosamine

A

represents the irreversible reaction of glucose bound protein albumin

75
Q

increased glucose levels

A

diabetes mellitus

76
Q

increased fructosamine

A

persistent hyperglycemia

77
Q

functions of electrolytes

A

maintain water balance, osmotic pressure, muscular function, nervous function (cations, anions)

78
Q

acid-base balance

A

steady state pf pH in the body

79
Q

normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

80
Q

below 7.3

A

acidosis

81
Q

above 7.4

A

alkalosis

82
Q

buffer system

A

counteract imbalance and alters H+ concentration

83
Q

what regulates the buffer system

A

respiratory and renal

84
Q

bicarbonate buffer

A

when blood becomes acid, bicarbonate binds to H+ to form carbonic acid

85
Q

carbonic acid breaks down to…

A

water and CO2

86
Q

CO2 is removed through…

A

respirations

87
Q

potassium buffer

A

potassium in the plasma and extracellular fluid affects plasma concentration of H+

88
Q

protein buffer

A

numerous proteins are capable of binding and releasing H+

89
Q

hemoglobin molecule serves as…

A

blood buffer

90
Q

acidosis and alkalosis characterized by…

A

respiratory or metabolic

91
Q

ketones

A

produced when glucose metabolism is abnormal (decrease in blood bicarbonate levels)

92
Q

vomiting can cause…

A

alkalosis

93
Q

99% of calcium is found in the…

A

bones

94
Q

function of calcium

A

neuromuscular excitability and tone, coagulation

95
Q

hyper/hypocalcemia may be due to

A

eclampsia, neoplasia, parathyroid disease, bone disease

96
Q
A

Clin Path II (8 decks)

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