urban PAPER 2 Flashcards
is brazil a nee, lic or hic
NEE
Define favela’s
slums/shanty towns
low quality housing cramped together in dirty conditions
define urban growth
the growth of towns or cities
define rural to urban migration
movement of people from the countryside to the town in search of work
what are the opportunities created by urban growth
- cheap labour provided by migrants
( companies can pay them less; decreased
costs)
economic
-migrants families want entertainment = tourist sector + entertainment
(more job opportunities as new businesses are established)
socio economic
- more people demand more homes = builders
and more infrastructure (roads)
economic
describe the problems created by urban growth
- difficult to provide basic services to a growing population (e.g acess to food= food insecurity)
- overpopulation leads to cramped housing conditions in the favelas so diseases like cholera and typhoid spread quickly
- increase in gangs and violence because of population and job pressure so turn to informal sectors: drugs
- increased land, air, water pollution in Rio De Janeiro due to poor sewage systems
27,000 deaths per year from air pollution
decreased tourism due to bad air quality - increased pressure on infrastructure: too few roads, massive congestion due to poor planning
- rains a lot in brazil so houses collapse due to being built on hillsides so landslides (mass movement) occurs so people die
- increased population pressure so people are forced to build on unsuitable landscapes
explain the reasons for urban growth
- lack of contraception
- brazil is a nee people can’t afford healthcare as their wages are so low due to working in the informal sector so their wages are just enough to buy food and often can’t pay bills so healthcare isn’t seen as a priority
- birth rate is very high
- death rate is low due to some healthcare so the life expectancy is 65
- unemployment in rural areas due to mechanisation means they move to Rio De Janeiro as there are more job opportunities with better wages
- lots of social attractions (e.g; carnivals)
- family in the city and there are better schools
to what extent have local authorities been successful in solving the problems of the urban poor
- high crime rate
( Brazil is in the top 5 for homicide rate globally)
PPU introduced in 2015 - lack of potable water
favela project NGO educates and gives water kits to clean water avoiding typhoid and cholera
simplico dam provides clean water to avoid water deficit - 60% of population have poor sanitation
travelling clinics with nurses (water purification tablets, vaccinations)
why are there high rates of natural increase in NEES/LICS
young migrants move to the city for work and they are fertile so have babies and due to moving to new city don’t have a lot of money so high birth rate
give some ways a major city in a LIC/NEE is internationally important
importing/exporting coffee (brazil is the largest exporter worldwide) —-> the port exports it
sporting events ( 2014 world cup 2016 Olympics)
tourism (Copacabana beach, Christ the redeemer, sugar loaf mountain)
jobs (primary sector)
oil drilling in Guanabara bay
hosts the February carnival
state the 4 facts about Filwood in Bristol
- 1/3 live in low income households
- 36% achieve top grades at GCSE
- life expectancy is 78 years
- 1300 crimes annually
link the social challenges in Filwood ( high crime rate, high unemployment, lack of aspiration only 36 % achieve top grades) to urban change
high population
puts pressure on police system so number of crimes without a sanction increases
pressure on education system as there are too few teachers due to a lack of funding so the kids are more likely to have poor quality education and a grim future
link the economic challenges in Filwood (1/3 low income households, no investment in schools or policing) to urban change
population pressure means there is a high demand for services (benefits system, GP system) Lack of investment means the council degrades and leaves future generations in a cycle of poverty
link the environmental challenges in Stokes Croft (a housing estate in the suburbs spreading out onto greenfield sites —- urban sprawl. Brownfield sites left derelict in the city centre)
population increases so demand for housing rises too so too many greenfield sites are being destroyed. Taking down trees to build houses releasing CO2 and more impermeable surface and also causing habitat loss affecting the whole food chain due to interdependence so local wildlife no longer thrives and isn’t a stable community anymore
state the 4 facts about stokes bishop
94% highest grades
life expectancy is 83 years
300 crimes annually
methods put in place to try and make Bristol more sustainable
poo bus (treated human waste, no CO2 emissions and using effluent that already exists)
integrated transport systems (more convenient as connects all public transport)
urban greening (Clifton downs, aim for 30% of Bristol to be covered in trees by 2030)
urban farming (decreases food miles and CO2 emissions and reuses brownfield sites)
cycle lanes (Bristol has the most cycle lanes in any city in the UK, encourages the public to do exercise)
Evaluate sustainable urban transport strategies in a named uk city
Cycle lanes
(most cycle lanes in any city, decreased CO2, decreased congestion, decreased traffic accidents)
NEGATIVES- inconvenient, weather, production of bike releases CO2, damage to bike
Integrated transport system
(quicker transport times, decreased CO2 emissions, easier to use)
NEGATIVES - not always running, take a long time, unsanitary
