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geography > Urban Issues and Challenges (Seneca) > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges (Seneca) Flashcards

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1
Q

From —- , the world’s urban population exceeded the world’s rural population.

A

2007

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2
Q

Urbanisation is

A

the rise in the proportion of people living in towns and cities, defined as urban areas.

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3
Q

From 2007, the world’s urban population ——— the world’s rural population.

A

exceeded

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4
Q

The UK began to urbanise in the —— when lots of people moved from farms in the countryside into cities to work in the cotton and textiles industries.

A

late 1800s

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5
Q

The UK began to urbanise in the late 1800s when lots of people moved from farms in the countryside into cities to work in the …

A

cotton and textiles industries

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6
Q

In ——-, 79% of the UK population lived in towns or cities.

A

1950

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7
Q

In 1950, ——- of the UK population lived in towns or cities.

A

79%

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8
Q

As cities grow, they become more and more crowded, causing …

A

some people to move back to rural areas.

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9
Q

Improving transport infrastructure allows people to …

A

commute into cities to work from further away

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10
Q

Crossrail will allow more people to commute into London from 1.and the …

A
  1. further away
    HS2 high-speed rail project theoretically expands the number of people who can commute into London massively.
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11
Q

—————- are examples of LICs.

A

Ethiopia, Niger, and Nepal

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12
Q

In the next few decades, people expect these low-income countries to experience …

A

rapid urbanisation.

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13
Q

—————, and Thailand are examples of NEEs.

A

China, India, Brazil

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14
Q

NEEs are experiencing …

A

rapid urbanisation.

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15
Q

What does NEE stand for?

A

Newly Emerging Economy

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16
Q

The 2 main causes of urbanisation are …

A

rural-urban migration and natural increase

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17
Q

High rates of urbanisation are leading to the creation of …

A

megacities (cities with more than 10m inhabitants)

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18
Q

Push factors force people to …

A

leave a place

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19
Q

One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: People’s homes and jobs destroyed by a …

A

natural disaster.

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20
Q

One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Automation (things like combine harvesters) cause …

A

people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture

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21
Q

One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Land becomes uninhabitable because of processes like …

A

desertification

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22
Q

One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Government …

A

mandate (Singapore under Lee Kuan-Yew forced people to move from farms

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23
Q

One example of a push factor for rural-urban migration: Civil …

A

wars, can force people to leave a place.

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24
Q

One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: Like in the UK in the Industrial Revolution, there may be …

A

more jobs and higher paid jobs in cities.

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25
Q

One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: Cities usually have more …

A

doctors, nurses, teachers, and other wellbeing infrastructure.

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26
Q

One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: If the trend is that more people are moving to cities, people may …

A

just move to live closer to their family and friends.

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27
Q

One example of a pull factor for rural-urban migration: Cities usually have more …

A

cinemas, shops and fun things to do

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28
Q

Natural increase happens when …

A

the number of people dying is smaller than the number of people being born.

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29
Q

People living in cities usually have a lower average age than …

A

people living in rural areas, so birth rates are usually higher in cities.

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30
Q

What do we call a city with a population greater than 10 million?

A

Megacity

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31
Q

Lagos’ state government says the population of Lagos is …

A

17.5 million

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32
Q

The national government claims the population of Lagos is …

A

21 million.

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33
Q

——- is the largest city in Nigeria

A

Lagos

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34
Q

The annual rate of natural increase in Nigeria is …

A

25% every 5 years.

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35
Q

The life expectancy of someone living in Lagos is …

A

54.5 years

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36
Q

Across Nigeria as a whole, the average life expectancy is …

A

53.4 years

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37
Q

There are more doctors and hospitals in Lagos than …

A

in the surrounding rural areas.

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38
Q

In 2010, the adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was …

A

92%

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39
Q

In some rural states, the adult literacy rate was as low as 1. and it was 2. on average in Nigeria.

A
  1. 14%
  2. 57%
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40
Q

Lagos has clean 1. , 2. into housing and 3. centres and malls.

A
  1. water supplies
  2. electricity
  3. good entertainment
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41
Q

In ——, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding.

A

2019

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42
Q

In 2019, Nigerian startups raised ——— in investor funding.

A

$600 million

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43
Q

In 2019, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding. This is ——-of all the startup investment in Africa and most of this funding was negotiated in Nigerian cities.

A

50%

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44
Q

In 2019, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding. This is 50% of …

A

all the startup investment in Africa and most of this funding was negotiated in Nigerian cities.

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45
Q

——- of the Nigerian population work in agriculture

A

30%

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46
Q

In 2018, the GDP per capita in Lagos is …

A

$5,000 (twice the GDP per capita of Nigeria)

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47
Q
  1. more expensive and food is 2. more expensive in African cities (vs rural areas).
A
  1. 77%
  2. 26%
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48
Q

Lagos is Nigeria’s biggest city for …

A

banking, investment, and international transactions.

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49
Q

Lagos is a megacity found in Nigeria. What type of country is Nigeria?

A

NEE

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50
Q

The rapid growth of Lagos has created …

A

challenges for the people living there and the local government.

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51
Q

There are ——— in Lagos and their emissions can contribute to things like acid rain.

A

1 million cars

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52
Q

There are 1 million cars in Lagos and their emissions can contribute …

A

to things like acid rain.

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53
Q

Traffic is awful in Lagos, public transport is bad and a few key bridges act as …

A

bottlenecks for all the cars.

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54
Q

Smog is a problem in …

A

Lagos

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55
Q

Air pollution is measured using a metric called …

A

PM2.5.

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56
Q

A safe level is 1. and in 2016, parts of Lagos had PM2.5 readings of 2.

A
  1. 56
  2. 217
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57
Q

Lagos is 1. polluted and could be 2.

A
  1. very
  2. dangerous to the inhabitants of the city.
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58
Q

The Olusosun landfill site is the …

A

largest dump in Africa

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59
Q

The ——- landfill site is the largest dump in Africa

A

Olusosun

60
Q

——— tons of rubbish is put in the Olusosun there each day.

A

10,000

61
Q

Unemployed men who live in the Makoko slum create ————- These people are called ‘Area Boys’.

A

vigilante groups to provide security.

62
Q

Unemployed men who live in the 1. slum create vigilante groups to provide security. These people are called …

A
  1. Makoko
    ‘Area Boys’.
63
Q

In Lagos Fishermen …

A

struggle to catch fish and earn a living.

64
Q

In Lagos, Lots of people scavenge for …

A

rubbish in the city to try to earn a living

65
Q

Nigeria’s murder rate is 1. murders per 100,000 people. In the UK it is 1.2 per 100,000 people.

A
  1. 9.85
  2. 1.2
66
Q

What are examples of newly emerging economies?

A

India
Thailand
China

67
Q

How much more money do people in Lagos earn relative to the people living elsewhere in Nigeria?

A

Double

68
Q

In 2016, the World Bank found that —- of people living in Nigeria lived in slums.

A

2/3

69
Q

————— are the 3 of the largest slums in Lagos.

A

Makoko, Badia, and Agege

70
Q

Lots of people in the Makoko slum moved to Lagos to earn a living fishing. However, the waters near the slum are ——————- This means that fishermen …

A

full of sewage and fish struggle to live there.

struggle to get other jobs.

71
Q

Many of the children living in the Lagos slums do not go to …

A

school

72
Q

Between 1. and 2. of people have daily access to clean water in Lagos.

A
  1. 67%
  2. 81%
73
Q

The —— has given funding to try to improve the sanitation in the Lagos slums.

A

World Bank

74
Q

People drink water from the area where ——————- in the same water. This spreads …

A
  • fishermen fish and people go to the toilet
  • Waterborne diseases like cholera
75
Q

Rio de Janeiro is a …

A

major city located in the south-east of Brazil.

76
Q

Rio de Janeiro is a ———- World Heritage Site.

A

UNESCO

77
Q

Rio de Janeiro hosted the 1. Olympics and was one of the host cities during the 2. Football World Cup.

A
  1. 2016
  2. 2014
78
Q

Rio de Janeiro is a ——-, ——- centre and centre for ——-.

A
  • port
  • industrial
  • banking
79
Q

Rio’s population has grown due to …

A

natural increase and migration.

80
Q

Migrants move to Rio from 1. , such as the 2. , as well as from other countries in 3. , such as 4.

A
  1. other places in Brazil
  2. Amazon Basin
  3. South America
  4. Argentina and Bolivia.
81
Q

— —- was the colonial power that historically controlled Brazil.

A

Portugal

82
Q

Portugal was the colonial power that historically controlled Brazil. Because the same language is spoken in both countries, …

A

some Portuguese citizens may move to Brazil.

83
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, Young people have the chance to go to …

A

school and university and medical services can visit people at home to treat 20 different diseases.

84
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, —— of the population have access to mains water.

A

95%

85
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, Power supplies have been …

A

improved as the city has grown

86
Q

—— of all employment in Brazil is in Rio.

A

6%

87
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, People can get jobs in Rio’s industries such as …

A

oil refining, building, shopping and tourism

88
Q

As people have moved to Rio, the slums have …

A

grown

89
Q

Slums in Rio are known as ———. —— is the largest favela in Rio.

A

favelas
Rocinha

90
Q

—— of homes in Rio’s favelas have no sewerage.

A

50%

91
Q

—— of homes in Rio’s favelas have no electricity.

A

30%

92
Q

—- of homes in Rio’s favelas have no running water.

A

12%

93
Q

Only —— of children in Rio stay in school past 14.

A

50%

94
Q

Only 50% of children in Rio stay in school past

A

14

95
Q

Infant mortality (Rio de Janeiro) in favelas can be as high as —- per 1,000 children.

A

50

96
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, Unemployment rates in favelas are over …

A

20%

97
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, t he murder rate can be up to —— per 1,000 people.

A

20

98
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, There is no waste disposal service in the favelas, so …

A

rubbish piles up.

99
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, Air pollution caused by fumes from cars and factories causes around —— deaths a year.

A

5,000

100
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, High numbers of cars on the roads leads to …

A

severe traffic congestion.

101
Q

The major cities in the UK are …

A

London, Birmingham, Newcastle, Leeds, Liverpool, Cardiff, Manchester, Belfast, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Glasgow.

102
Q

What is the population of London ?

A

8.9 million

103
Q

Lagos in Nigeria does not have a good recycling system and lots of waste ends up in the …

A

Olusosun landfill site.

104
Q

There are approximately ——- favelas in Rio de Janeiro

A

1000

105
Q

———- is the largest favela in Rio.

A

Rocinha

106
Q

—% of Brazils jobs are in Rio.

A

6

107
Q

Rio has lots of ———- industries

A

Manufacturing

108
Q

Lots of —- investing in Brazil leading to jobs

A

TNC

109
Q

In Rio, ——— of new water pipes are being laid.

A

300km

110
Q

—— new sewage works have opened.

A

12

111
Q

In 2018, there was ———- in London.

A

5.8 million

112
Q

The average wage in London is …

A

£34,470

113
Q

————————- are the two most common sector in UK.

A

Tertiary and quaternary

114
Q

In the 1950s, the UK went through 1. This resulted in creation of …

A
  1. deindustrialisation
  2. Tertiary and quaternary industries
115
Q

In Rio de Janeiro, HEP powers station there are new —— of power lines.

A

60km

116
Q

In Rio, there are —— of sewage pipes in badly polluted areas.

A

5km

117
Q

In Rio, the life expectancy is 1. , this is rising to 2.

A
  1. 63
  2. 80
118
Q

In favelas in Rio, many medical staff go into favelas to

A

Give free healthcare

119
Q

Rio has — major airports.

A

2

120
Q

Rio has —- shipping ports.

A

5

121
Q

To reduce pollution in Rio, on certain roads there is a …

A

Charge

122
Q

In Rio favelas, the murder rate is —- per 1000 people.

A

20

123
Q

In Rio favelas, the infant mortality rate is —- per 1000 people.

A

50

124
Q

Rio de Janeiro is a …

A

major city located in the south-east of Brazil.

125
Q

Rio de Janeiro is a ——— World Heritage Site

A

UNESCO

126
Q

Which European country provides the most migrants to Rio due to the same language being spoken?

A

Portugal

127
Q

Below are four ways of making urban life more sustainable:

A
  • Energy conservation
  • Waste recycling
  • Creating green space
  • Water conservation
128
Q

————-, the capital of Iceland is the most energy efficient city in the world.

A

Reykjavik

129
Q

A good recycling system involves …

A

easy sorting of what can be recycled and what can’t, easy collection, low contamination of recycling waste and the infrastructure to actually recycle after collection.

130
Q

Green space is supposed to be good for mental health and encourages exercise (which reduces the chances of having poor mental health by —%).

A

6

131
Q

The average one-person household in the UK needs ——- litres of water per day to keep their lifestyle going.

A

149

132
Q

—————————– is the most energy efficient city in the world. It uses geothermal and hydroelectric power and its buses are hydrogen powered.

A

Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland

133
Q

What are four ways of making urban life more sustainable?

A
  • Energy conservation
  • Creating green space
  • Water conservation
  • Waste recycling
134
Q

In 2017/18, ———— trips were taken on the London Underground.

A

1.4 billion

135
Q

———————– bikes can be rented to get from A to B.

A

Santander or ‘Boris’

136
Q

Consumers can ‘tap in’ and ‘tap out’ of the tube or buses using …

A

an Oyster card, a bank card or their mobile phones.

137
Q

———————— reduce congestion, however, the plan to make London’s Oxford Street pedestrianised failed because of protests.

A

Pedestrianised zones

138
Q

Pedestrianised zones reduce congestion, however, the plan to make London’s Oxford Street pedestrianised failed because …

A

of protests.

139
Q

Urban transport strategies for reducing traffic congestion:

A
  • managing traffic flow
  • Encouraging the use of public transport
140
Q

London’s tube system has —lines.

A

12

141
Q

The latest line, which opened in 2022, is called the ——– line.

A

Elizabeth

142
Q

What does NEE stand for?

A

Newly Emerging Economy

143
Q

What are the two main causes of urbanisation?

A
  • Rural-urban migration
  • natural increase
144
Q

What are examples push factors for rural-urban migration?

A
  • Desertification makes the land less productive
  • natural disasters destroying people’s homes
145
Q

——- of the UK lived in a urban area.

A

82%

geography (38 decks)

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