Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
brownfield land
A
- land that has been previously built on
- the buildings may still be standing or demolished
2
Q
dereliction
A
where buildings are left unused or unoccupied
3
Q
ethnic minorities
A
groups of people that make up a small proportion of the total population
4
Q
greenfield land
A
land that hasn’t been build on before, often left naturally to save habitats or to farm on
5
Q
hate crime
A
crimes and vandalism that are motivated by a person’s ethnicity or religion
6
Q
informal work
A
self-employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited health regulations
7
Q
integrated transport
A
a system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city
8
Q
international migration
A
the movement of people between countries, for work or long term residence
9
Q
lower income country
A
- country of low wealth
- limited level of development
- GNI per head is very low
10
Q
megacity
A
a city with a population greater than 10 million people
11
Q
middle income country
A
a country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development
12
Q
multicultural city
A
a city that shares and encourages many different cultures and religions, besides the national culture
13
Q
net migration
A
the total number of people entering - the number of people leaving a country
14
Q
population density
A
- the amount of people per square area of land
- a measure of how squashed together or spread out a population is
15
Q
pull factors
A
reasons which encouraged someone to move to urban areas
16
Q
push factors
A
reason which encourages someone to leave an area
17
Q
quality of life
A
- standard of living of a person or a community
- many factors can affect this including health, comfort and access to services
18
Q
remittance
A
when an individual who is living in a different country sends money back to their family to help support them financially
19
Q
respiratory conditions
A
illnesses that affect your breathing (asthma, lung disease)
20
Q
rural-urban migration
A
individuals move their homes from a rural area to the urban city, for work opportunities or a better quality of life
21
Q
scholarships
A
paid places in schools or business for people from low income families
22
Q
segregation
A
the exclusion and isolation of a particular group of people (racism)
23
Q
skilled migrants
A
migrant who have trained for a particular professions (doctors or teachers)
24
Q
social inequality
A
the difference in quality of life between the highest income family and lowest income household
25
sustainability
use of natural resources so they benefit us today while keeping in mind future generations
26
squatter settlements
clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families live in, often built on unfavourable land
27
unskilled migrants
migrants who haven’t been trained or educated for a high-skill profession (farmers or shop workers)
28
urban greening
make space for growing more vegetation and trees in the centre of a city (growing plants off office rooftops or on pavements)
29
urban sprawl
unplanned growth, city slowly spreads out and takes over rural areas
30
urbanisation
the increasing percentage of population who live in towns and cities
31
natural increase
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate which causes rapid population increase
32
urban deprivation
when standards of living and access to services are lower than normal
33
deindustrialization
decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and overseas competition
34
counter urbanisation
people moving from urban areas (city) to rural areas (countryside)
35
commuter settlement
people in rural-urban fringe leave towns each day to work elsewhere
36
waste disposal
city’s population increases, more waste produced but less space to store it
37
regeneration
redevelopment of urban areas to improve physical environment and quality of life for residents
38
rural-urban fringe
area of transition where urban and rural areas mix
39
what are economic opportunities
chances for people to improve their standard of living through jobs and employment
40
social opportunities
chances for people to improve their quality of life, includes access to education and healthcare
41
social deprivation
people are deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment
42
pollution
chemicals, noise, dirt and other substances which poison the environment
43
waste recycling
the process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste
44
traffic congestion
too many vehicles on roads causes slow movement snd delays at peak times (most people out at a certain time, work times)
45
sustainable urban living
where there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound, resources are fairly allocated and jobs secure
46
Nigeria
- NEE
- has the highest GDP of any country in Africa
47
Lagos is an important city regionally
- large migrant population increases cultural diversity
- very well connected to other major towns, makes it an important centre for regional trade
48
Lagos is an important city nationally
- it’s home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry, as well as many global companies
- was the capital of Nigeria until 1991
49
Lagos is an important city internationality
- the main financial centre for the whole of West Africa
- 5th largest economy on the continent
- international port and airport are important for global trade
50
Nigeria’s natural increase
birth rate of 35.2 per 1000
death rate of 9.6 per 1000
population increasing rapidly
51
world’s average natural increase
birth rate of 19 per 1000
death rate of 7.6 per 1000
52
Lagos migration
- 1200 immigrants enter everyday from neighbouring countries (Chad, Nigeria) or rural areas
- poverty in other places of Nigeria, people migrate for a better quality of life
53
Social opportunities of Lagos
- more healthcare centres, hospitals and ranges of medicines
- better access to electricity, Lagos uses 40% of Nigeria’s electricity so people can light their homes and cook more easily
- water treatment plants provide safe water that is piped directly to some areas of the city
54
Economic opportunities in Lagos
- rapid growth produces lots of construction jobs (building new Eko Atlantic)
- home to many of country’s banks, government departments and manufacturing industries
- has a thriving film industry (Nollywood)
55
Problems of rapid growth in Lagos
- slums and squatter settlements
- access to clean water, sanitation and energy
- access to health and education
- unemployment and crime
56
slums and squatter settlements
- house construction can’t keep up with Lagos population growth increasing house prices and making them too costly for people (66% of people live in Lagos in illegal settlements)
- houses in slums are often flimsy wooden huts as they are built illegally, people face eviction of slums are demolished to clean up the city
57
access to clean water, sanitation and energy in Lagos (water)
- 40% of city connected to state water supply
- so limited that people pay inflated prices to get water from informal sellers
58
access to clean water, sanitation and energy in Lagos (sanitation)
- up to 15 households share a toilet and waste often goes straight into local water sources
- contaminated water can lead to health problems
59
access to clean water, sanitation and energy in Lagos (energy)
- Lagos doesn’t have enough energy to power whole city at once so neighbourhoods take turns
- some get electricity from illegal connections, which are often cut
60
access to health and education in Lagos
- not enough health care facilities for everyone and many people can’t afford treatment
- not enough schools for growing population and many families can’t afford to send children to school
61
unemployment in Lagos
- not enough formal jobs for growing population, find other ways to make money (scavenging)
- about 60% work in informal jobs without legal protection
62
environmental issues of Lagos
- huge population produces over 9000 tonnes of waste a day, 40% is collected
- waste disposal and emissions from factories not regulated or controlled, leads to water and air pollution
- bad traffic congestion, leads to worked stuck for hours and more air pollution
63
who are the people worst affected by urban growth in Lagos
the poorest people in urban areas
64
social benefits of urban planning scheme (Makoko floating school)
- up to 100 students educated for free, no need to work (scavenge) for money to pay for school
- built by unskilled local worked who learnt skills to build and repair their own homes
- school also used for local community meetings and activities, increase community spirit
65
economic benefits of urban planning scheme (Makoko floating school)
- education improved local children’s job prospects
- school provided jobs for local teachers
- school success encouraged government to launch Makoko regeneration plan, helps develop slums further (building new houses)
66
of urban planning scheme (Makoko floating school)
- school built using locally sourced materials, didn’t harm environment and repairs were easy
- school’s buoyancy allowed it to adjust to different water levels and protect from flooding
- ran on solar power, renewable, sustainable
- collected rainwater to meet water needs, didn’t use any of local community relied on water
67
upland regions
- north of Scotland
- sparsely populated
- difficult to farm and have a few natural resources
68
mineral wealth
- led to population growth because this was where industries developed
- many of UK’s cities developed in major coalfields
69
where did most urban areas develop and why
- lowland areas
- easier to build on
- climate is milder than upland areas
70
what does Liverpool’s location allow it to do
- export both goods and culture
- makes it a gateway between the UK and rest of world
71
problems of Liverpool
- vacant homes that were derelict for more than 5 years were sold for £1 (but had to be fully renovated)
- had high unemployment, crime activity and vandalism
72
social and economic features of Liverpool
- £36 million already spent in Anfield and Rockfield
- 300 derelict houses, sport and community centre were refurbished
- plan for 600 new homes built
- new healthcare and schools opened
73
environmental features of Liverpool
- foot paths improved, dead trees replaced in Stanley Park
- £4.5 million environmental scheme started in 2017 to narrow roads and wider tree lined pavements
74
water conservation schemes to reduce water use
- collect rainwater and recycle it
- install toilets that flush less water
- water meters so people pay for their water use
75
energy conservation schemes to be more sustainable
- use renewable
- make homes more energy efficient
- make sure new homes meet minimum energy efficiency requirements
- reduce car use or convert to electric
76
pros of creating green spaces for people
- relaxes people (calm environment)
- encourages exercise
- helps mental health (break from the congestion and noise)
77
what are the environmental problems or traffic congestion
increases air pollution, releases of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change
78
what are economic problems of traffic congestion
delays and makes people late for work or deliveries, companies lose money
79
what are social problems of traffic congestion
- causes frustration
- higher chance of accidents
80
what use of public transport should people use to reduce traffic congestion
- bikes available to hire
- use integrated transport links
81
when did welsh migrants arrive in liverpool
late 1700s and ealry 1800s
82
which migrants arrived in liverpool in the late 1700s and ealry 1800s
welsh migrants
83
what were welsh migrants attracted by when moving to liverpool
- it’s developing industry
- work on canals and railways
84
what was the percentage of population of liverpool in 1813 that were welsh
10%
85
when did famine struck Ireland
1845
86
when did national migration rates increase after welsh in liverpool
in 1845 when famine struck Ireland
87
in a decade, how many Irish migrants arrived in Liverpool
2 million
88
what was the percentage of population of liverpool in 1850 that were Irish
20%
89
what percentage of Liverpudlians have Irish ancestry
75%
90
what is national migration in liverpool
welsh, irish, and others arrived in Liverpool which built population
91
ships around the world have been arriving in Liverpool since…
port was built in 1715
92
when was Liverpool’s port built
1715
93
Liverpool is home to Europe’s first ever…
Chinatown
94
when was Liverpool’s Chinatown made
19th century
95
what amount of people from Liverpool are from an ethnic minority background
1 in 8 people
96
what is international migration in liverpool
how ethnically diverse a city is
97
liverpool has slowly transitioned from a busy port and manufacturing centre to a…
modern tourist destination and centre of creative industries
98
today liverpool is a modern tourist destination and centre for creative industries but was once…
a busy port and manufacturing centre
99
what did the decline of industry do to liverpool
left many areas run down
100
what are they planning to do to liverpool to take care of it again
develop and preserve open spaces (public parks and gardens)
101
what form of transport are people being encouraged to change to (Liverpool)
cycling and walking
102
why are people encouraged to cycle and walk but not use cars
- helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions
- helps reduce crashes
- helps reduce stress
- helps reduce traffic congestion
103
what is environmental opportunities of liverpool
how they choose to try and improve the environment and life there (urban greening, cycle snd pedestrian routes)
104
what has ethnic diversity brought a range of to the city of liverpool
- food
- festivals
- cultural experience
105
what does ethnic diversity do to a city
attracts lots of people
106
liverpool’s Chinatown has a thriving…
Chinese community and is a popular tourists destination
107
what is cultural mixing
the change of a city due to ethnic diversity
108
tourism and service sectors offer a combined total of how many jobs in liverpool
160000 jobs
109
what are prepaid cards
cards that can be used across all networks
110
what is an example of prepaid cards
Merseytravel, operates bus, train, ferry networks
111
what is social and economic opportunities in liverpool
things that make the city more fascinating and easy for tourists to access when visiting
112
what happened as wealthier people left the inner city of liverpool
buildings were abandoned (derelict buildings) and were vandalised
113
what place in liverpool became run down
Toxteth
114
what happens when city grows
more pressure to build on greenfield sites
115
why should we not build on greenfield sites
destroys habitats
116
what is environmental challenges in liverpool
- the protecting of habitats by not building on greenfield sites
- clearing waste and derelict buildings
117
what happened in the 20th century to liverpool
industrial decline, left inner city very deprived (urban deprivation)
118
when did the industrial decline of liverpool happen
20th century
119
what are the most deluged areas in England
Anfield and Toxteth
120
what has regeneration done to some parts of the city of liverpool
increased inequality
121
example of increased inequality in liverpool
old housing cleared and replaced with modern housing, too expensive for former residents so forced to leave
122
what is children’s education like in deprived areas
leave school without basic qualifications
123
what are the affects of children living in deprived areas leaving school without basic qualifications
creates low income and high unemployment
124
what is the percentage of youth unemployment in Anfield
8.5%
125
what is the national percentage of youth unemployment
2.8%
126
examples of unhealthy behaviour
- drinking
- smoking
- poor diet
127
what is more common in deprived areas like Knowsley
unhealthy behaviour
128
what is the life expectancy for women in Knowsley compared to neighbouring, wealthier area, St. Helens
15 years lower
129
1200… (lagos)
immigrants enter Lagos everyday
130
population of Lagos
over 14 million
131
what is the annual growth rate of Lagos that makes it one of the fastest growing urban areas in the world
3.2%
132
how many tones of waste is created in Lagos everyday
9000 tones
133
how much waste is collected in Lagos everyday
40%
134
crime in lagos
high levels of crime, many slums are patrolled by gangs (called area boys) who commit crimes and police the slums theirselves
