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Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

brownfield land

A
  • land that has been previously built on
  • the buildings may still be standing or demolished
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2
Q

dereliction

A

where buildings are left unused or unoccupied

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3
Q

ethnic minorities

A

groups of people that make up a small proportion of the total population

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4
Q

greenfield land

A

land that hasn’t been build on before, often left naturally to save habitats or to farm on

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5
Q

hate crime

A

crimes and vandalism that are motivated by a person’s ethnicity or religion

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6
Q

informal work

A

self-employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited health regulations

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7
Q

integrated transport

A

a system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city

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8
Q

international migration

A

the movement of people between countries, for work or long term residence

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9
Q

lower income country

A
  • country of low wealth
  • limited level of development
  • GNI per head is very low
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10
Q

megacity

A

a city with a population greater than 10 million people

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11
Q

middle income country

A

a country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development

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12
Q

multicultural city

A

a city that shares and encourages many different cultures and religions, besides the national culture

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13
Q

net migration

A

the total number of people entering - the number of people leaving a country

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14
Q

population density

A
  • the amount of people per square area of land
  • a measure of how squashed together or spread out a population is
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15
Q

pull factors

A

reasons which encouraged someone to move to urban areas

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16
Q

push factors

A

reason which encourages someone to leave an area

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17
Q

quality of life

A
  • standard of living of a person or a community
  • many factors can affect this including health, comfort and access to services
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18
Q

remittance

A

when an individual who is living in a different country sends money back to their family to help support them financially

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19
Q

respiratory conditions

A

illnesses that affect your breathing (asthma, lung disease)

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20
Q

rural-urban migration

A

individuals move their homes from a rural area to the urban city, for work opportunities or a better quality of life

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21
Q

scholarships

A

paid places in schools or business for people from low income families

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22
Q

segregation

A

the exclusion and isolation of a particular group of people (racism)

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23
Q

skilled migrants

A

migrant who have trained for a particular professions (doctors or teachers)

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24
Q

social inequality

A

the difference in quality of life between the highest income family and lowest income household

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25
Q

sustainability

A

use of natural resources so they benefit us today while keeping in mind future generations

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26
Q

squatter settlements

A

clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families live in, often built on unfavourable land

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27
Q

unskilled migrants

A

migrants who haven’t been trained or educated for a high-skill profession (farmers or shop workers)

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28
Q

urban greening

A

make space for growing more vegetation and trees in the centre of a city (growing plants off office rooftops or on pavements)

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29
Q

urban sprawl

A

unplanned growth, city slowly spreads out and takes over rural areas

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30
Q

urbanisation

A

the increasing percentage of population who live in towns and cities

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31
Q

natural increase

A

when the birth rate is higher than the death rate which causes rapid population increase

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32
Q

urban deprivation

A

when standards of living and access to services are lower than normal

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33
Q

deindustrialization

A

decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and overseas competition

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34
Q

counter urbanisation

A

people moving from urban areas (city) to rural areas (countryside)

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35
Q

commuter settlement

A

people in rural-urban fringe leave towns each day to work elsewhere

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36
Q

waste disposal

A

city’s population increases, more waste produced but less space to store it

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37
Q

regeneration

A

redevelopment of urban areas to improve physical environment and quality of life for residents

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38
Q

rural-urban fringe

A

area of transition where urban and rural areas mix

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39
Q

what are economic opportunities

A

chances for people to improve their standard of living through jobs and employment

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40
Q

social opportunities

A

chances for people to improve their quality of life, includes access to education and healthcare

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41
Q

social deprivation

A

people are deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment

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42
Q

pollution

A

chemicals, noise, dirt and other substances which poison the environment

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43
Q

waste recycling

A

the process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste

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44
Q

traffic congestion

A

too many vehicles on roads causes slow movement snd delays at peak times (most people out at a certain time, work times)

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45
Q

sustainable urban living

A

where there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound, resources are fairly allocated and jobs secure

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46
Q

Nigeria

A
  • NEE
  • has the highest GDP of any country in Africa
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47
Q

Lagos is an important city regionally

A
  • large migrant population increases cultural diversity
  • very well connected to other major towns, makes it an important centre for regional trade
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48
Q

Lagos is an important city nationally

A
  • it’s home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry, as well as many global companies
  • was the capital of Nigeria until 1991
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49
Q

Lagos is an important city internationality

A
  • the main financial centre for the whole of West Africa
  • 5th largest economy on the continent
  • international port and airport are important for global trade
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50
Q

Nigeria’s natural increase

A

birth rate of 35.2 per 1000
death rate of 9.6 per 1000

population increasing rapidly

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51
Q

world’s average natural increase

A

birth rate of 19 per 1000
death rate of 7.6 per 1000

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52
Q

Lagos migration

A
  • 1200 immigrants enter everyday from neighbouring countries (Chad, Nigeria) or rural areas
  • poverty in other places of Nigeria, people migrate for a better quality of life
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53
Q

Social opportunities of Lagos

A
  • more healthcare centres, hospitals and ranges of medicines
  • better access to electricity, Lagos uses 40% of Nigeria’s electricity so people can light their homes and cook more easily
  • water treatment plants provide safe water that is piped directly to some areas of the city
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54
Q

Economic opportunities in Lagos

A
  • rapid growth produces lots of construction jobs (building new Eko Atlantic)
  • home to many of country’s banks, government departments and manufacturing industries
  • has a thriving film industry (Nollywood)
55
Q

Problems of rapid growth in Lagos

A
  • slums and squatter settlements
  • access to clean water, sanitation and energy
  • access to health and education
  • unemployment and crime
56
Q

slums and squatter settlements

A
  • house construction can’t keep up with Lagos population growth increasing house prices and making them too costly for people (66% of people live in Lagos in illegal settlements)
  • houses in slums are often flimsy wooden huts as they are built illegally, people face eviction of slums are demolished to clean up the city
57
Q

access to clean water, sanitation and energy in Lagos (water)

A
  • 40% of city connected to state water supply
  • so limited that people pay inflated prices to get water from informal sellers
58
Q

access to clean water, sanitation and energy in Lagos (sanitation)

A
  • up to 15 households share a toilet and waste often goes straight into local water sources
  • contaminated water can lead to health problems
59
Q

access to clean water, sanitation and energy in Lagos (energy)

A
  • Lagos doesn’t have enough energy to power whole city at once so neighbourhoods take turns
  • some get electricity from illegal connections, which are often cut
60
Q

access to health and education in Lagos

A
  • not enough health care facilities for everyone and many people can’t afford treatment
  • not enough schools for growing population and many families can’t afford to send children to school
61
Q

unemployment in Lagos

A
  • not enough formal jobs for growing population, find other ways to make money (scavenging)
  • about 60% work in informal jobs without legal protection
62
Q

environmental issues of Lagos

A
  • huge population produces over 9000 tonnes of waste a day, 40% is collected
  • waste disposal and emissions from factories not regulated or controlled, leads to water and air pollution
  • bad traffic congestion, leads to worked stuck for hours and more air pollution
63
Q

who are the people worst affected by urban growth in Lagos

A

the poorest people in urban areas

64
Q

social benefits of urban planning scheme (Makoko floating school)

A
  • up to 100 students educated for free, no need to work (scavenge) for money to pay for school
  • built by unskilled local worked who learnt skills to build and repair their own homes
  • school also used for local community meetings and activities, increase community spirit
65
Q

economic benefits of urban planning scheme (Makoko floating school)

A
  • education improved local children’s job prospects
  • school provided jobs for local teachers
  • school success encouraged government to launch Makoko regeneration plan, helps develop slums further (building new houses)
66
Q

of urban planning scheme (Makoko floating school)

A
  • school built using locally sourced materials, didn’t harm environment and repairs were easy
  • school’s buoyancy allowed it to adjust to different water levels and protect from flooding
  • ran on solar power, renewable, sustainable
  • collected rainwater to meet water needs, didn’t use any of local community relied on water
67
Q

upland regions

A
  • north of Scotland
  • sparsely populated
  • difficult to farm and have a few natural resources
68
Q

mineral wealth

A
  • led to population growth because this was where industries developed
  • many of UK’s cities developed in major coalfields
69
Q

where did most urban areas develop and why

A
  • lowland areas
  • easier to build on
  • climate is milder than upland areas
70
Q

what does Liverpool’s location allow it to do

A
  • export both goods and culture
  • makes it a gateway between the UK and rest of world
71
Q

problems of Liverpool

A
  • vacant homes that were derelict for more than 5 years were sold for £1 (but had to be fully renovated)
  • had high unemployment, crime activity and vandalism
72
Q

social and economic features of Liverpool

A
  • £36 million already spent in Anfield and Rockfield
  • 300 derelict houses, sport and community centre were refurbished
  • plan for 600 new homes built
  • new healthcare and schools opened
73
Q

environmental features of Liverpool

A
  • foot paths improved, dead trees replaced in Stanley Park
  • £4.5 million environmental scheme started in 2017 to narrow roads and wider tree lined pavements
74
Q

water conservation schemes to reduce water use

A
  • collect rainwater and recycle it
  • install toilets that flush less water
  • water meters so people pay for their water use
75
Q

energy conservation schemes to be more sustainable

A
  • use renewable
  • make homes more energy efficient
  • make sure new homes meet minimum energy efficiency requirements
  • reduce car use or convert to electric
76
Q

pros of creating green spaces for people

A
  • relaxes people (calm environment)
  • encourages exercise
  • helps mental health (break from the congestion and noise)
77
Q

what are the environmental problems or traffic congestion

A

increases air pollution, releases of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change

78
Q

what are economic problems of traffic congestion

A

delays and makes people late for work or deliveries, companies lose money

79
Q

what are social problems of traffic congestion

A
  • causes frustration
  • higher chance of accidents
80
Q

what use of public transport should people use to reduce traffic congestion

A
  • bikes available to hire
  • use integrated transport links
81
Q

when did welsh migrants arrive in liverpool

A

late 1700s and ealry 1800s

82
Q

which migrants arrived in liverpool in the late 1700s and ealry 1800s

A

welsh migrants

83
Q

what were welsh migrants attracted by when moving to liverpool

A
  • it’s developing industry
  • work on canals and railways
84
Q

what was the percentage of population of liverpool in 1813 that were welsh

85
Q

when did famine struck Ireland

86
Q

when did national migration rates increase after welsh in liverpool

A

in 1845 when famine struck Ireland

87
Q

in a decade, how many Irish migrants arrived in Liverpool

88
Q

what was the percentage of population of liverpool in 1850 that were Irish

89
Q

what percentage of Liverpudlians have Irish ancestry

90
Q

what is national migration in liverpool

A

welsh, irish, and others arrived in Liverpool which built population

91
Q

ships around the world have been arriving in Liverpool since…

A

port was built in 1715

92
Q

when was Liverpool’s port built

93
Q

Liverpool is home to Europe’s first ever…

94
Q

when was Liverpool’s Chinatown made

A

19th century

95
Q

what amount of people from Liverpool are from an ethnic minority background

A

1 in 8 people

96
Q

what is international migration in liverpool

A

how ethnically diverse a city is

97
Q

liverpool has slowly transitioned from a busy port and manufacturing centre to a…

A

modern tourist destination and centre of creative industries

98
Q

today liverpool is a modern tourist destination and centre for creative industries but was once…

A

a busy port and manufacturing centre

99
Q

what did the decline of industry do to liverpool

A

left many areas run down

100
Q

what are they planning to do to liverpool to take care of it again

A

develop and preserve open spaces (public parks and gardens)

101
Q

what form of transport are people being encouraged to change to (Liverpool)

A

cycling and walking

102
Q

why are people encouraged to cycle and walk but not use cars

A
  • helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions
  • helps reduce crashes
  • helps reduce stress
  • helps reduce traffic congestion
103
Q

what is environmental opportunities of liverpool

A

how they choose to try and improve the environment and life there (urban greening, cycle snd pedestrian routes)

104
Q

what has ethnic diversity brought a range of to the city of liverpool

A
  • food
  • festivals
  • cultural experience
105
Q

what does ethnic diversity do to a city

A

attracts lots of people

106
Q

liverpool’s Chinatown has a thriving…

A

Chinese community and is a popular tourists destination

107
Q

what is cultural mixing

A

the change of a city due to ethnic diversity

108
Q

tourism and service sectors offer a combined total of how many jobs in liverpool

A

160000 jobs

109
Q

what are prepaid cards

A

cards that can be used across all networks

110
Q

what is an example of prepaid cards

A

Merseytravel, operates bus, train, ferry networks

111
Q

what is social and economic opportunities in liverpool

A

things that make the city more fascinating and easy for tourists to access when visiting

112
Q

what happened as wealthier people left the inner city of liverpool

A

buildings were abandoned (derelict buildings) and were vandalised

113
Q

what place in liverpool became run down

114
Q

what happens when city grows

A

more pressure to build on greenfield sites

115
Q

why should we not build on greenfield sites

A

destroys habitats

116
Q

what is environmental challenges in liverpool

A
  • the protecting of habitats by not building on greenfield sites
  • clearing waste and derelict buildings
117
Q

what happened in the 20th century to liverpool

A

industrial decline, left inner city very deprived (urban deprivation)

118
Q

when did the industrial decline of liverpool happen

A

20th century

119
Q

what are the most deluged areas in England

A

Anfield and Toxteth

120
Q

what has regeneration done to some parts of the city of liverpool

A

increased inequality

121
Q

example of increased inequality in liverpool

A

old housing cleared and replaced with modern housing, too expensive for former residents so forced to leave

122
Q

what is children’s education like in deprived areas

A

leave school without basic qualifications

123
Q

what are the affects of children living in deprived areas leaving school without basic qualifications

A

creates low income and high unemployment

124
Q

what is the percentage of youth unemployment in Anfield

125
Q

what is the national percentage of youth unemployment

126
Q

examples of unhealthy behaviour

A
  • drinking
  • smoking
  • poor diet
127
Q

what is more common in deprived areas like Knowsley

A

unhealthy behaviour

128
Q

what is the life expectancy for women in Knowsley compared to neighbouring, wealthier area, St. Helens

A

15 years lower

129
Q

1200… (lagos)

A

immigrants enter Lagos everyday

130
Q

population of Lagos

A

over 14 million

131
Q

what is the annual growth rate of Lagos that makes it one of the fastest growing urban areas in the world

132
Q

how many tones of waste is created in Lagos everyday

A

9000 tones

133
Q

how much waste is collected in Lagos everyday

134
Q

crime in lagos

A

high levels of crime, many slums are patrolled by gangs (called area boys) who commit crimes and police the slums theirselves

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