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Geography > The Challenge of Natural Hazards > Flashcards

The Challenge of Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

natural hazard

A

natural process could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property or possessions

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2
Q

hazard risk

A

the probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place

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3
Q

tectonic hazard

A

a natural hazard caused by tectonic movement

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4
Q

tectonic plate

A
  • a rigid segment of the Earth’s crust which can float across the heavier, semi-molten rock below
  • continental plates are less dense but thicker than oceanic plates
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5
Q

earthquake

A

a sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust, flowed by a series of aftershocks

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6
Q

volcano

A

an opening in the Earth’s crust from which lava, ash and gases erupt

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7
Q

protection

A

actions taken place before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact such a improving building design

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8
Q

primary effects

A
  • the initial impacts of a natural event on people and property caused directly by it
  • the buildings damaged by wind or a flooding by the storm surge
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9
Q

secondary effects

A
  • the after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of the tropical storm
  • contaminated water may lead to an outbreak of disease
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10
Q

immediate response

A
  • the reaction of people as the disaster happens
  • usually of several days
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11
Q

long-term responses

A

later reactions that occur in weeks, months and years after the event, rebuilding

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12
Q

social impact

A

the effects on the lives of people or community

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13
Q

management strategies

A

techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event

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14
Q

geological hazards

A

caused by land and tectonic processes (volcanoes and earthquakes)

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15
Q

meteorological hazards

A

caused by weather and climate (tropical storms, heat waves)

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16
Q

vulnerability

A

more people in an area exposed to natural hazards, the greater the probability they will be affected

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17
Q

capacity to cope

A
  • the better a population can cope with an extreme event the lower the risk of them being severely affected
  • HIC better able to cope because they have more moneys to afford defences
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18
Q

frequency

A

natural hazards that occur more often, have a higher risk

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19
Q

magnitude

A

more severe natural hazards tend to have the greatest effects

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20
Q

destructive margins

A
  • tension builds when two plates move towards each other
  • oceanic plate is sub ducted under continental plate into mantle
  • melts to form magma
  • plates stick, pressure builds
  • pressured released with jerk (earthquake)
  • magma rises (volcanoes)
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21
Q

constructive margins

A
  • tension builds when two plates moving away from each other
  • magma rises from mantle to fill gap
  • cools and creates new crust
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22
Q

conservative margins

A

tension builds when two plates moving sideways past each other or moving in same direction but at different speeds. crust isn’t destroyed or created

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23
Q

example of a geomorphological hazard

A

flooding

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24
Q

atmospheric hazard

A

hazards created by the atmosphere (tropical storms and heavy rain)

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25
Q

2 examples of biological hazards

A
  • forest fires
  • diseases
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26
Q

primary effects of earthquakes

A
  • builds destroyed
  • people killed or injured
  • bridges damaged
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27
Q

primary effects of volcanoes

A
  • property and farmland destroyed
  • air travel halted due to ash
  • water contaminated
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28
Q

secondary effects of earthquakes

A
  • blocked roads slow does rescue services
  • broken gas pipes can cause fires
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29
Q

secondary effects of volcanoes

A
  • economy slows
  • ice melts causing floods
  • tourism can increase
30
Q

immediate responses of earthquakes

A
  • rescue teams search for survivors
  • put out fires
  • treat the injured
31
Q

immediate responses of volcanoes

A
  • helicopters rescue those trapped
  • evacuate
32
Q

long term responses of earthquakes

A
  • repair and rebuild properties and infrastructure
  • improve building regulations
  • install increased monitoring technology
33
Q

long term responses of volcanoes

A
  • repair and rebuild
  • resettle locals elsewhere
  • install improved monitoring technology
34
Q

what are the economic reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard

A
  • geothermal energy provides cheap power
  • farming from the nutrient rich soil
  • tourism creates jobs
35
Q

how can monitoring reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, earthquake

A
  • foreshocks using seismometers
  • radon gas detectors
36
Q

how can prediction reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, earthquake

A

difficult to predict time and dates with present technology

37
Q

how can protection reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, earthquake

A
  • buildings with rubber shock absorbers and deep foundations
  • sea walls, tsunami protection
38
Q

how can planning reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, earthquake

A
  • practice drills, duck and cover
  • emergency supplies and training
39
Q

how can monitoring reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, volcano

A
  • changes in ground detected by tilt-metres
  • radon and sulphur has detected
40
Q

how can prediction reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, volcano

A

easier to predict than earthquakes as usually give warning signs

41
Q

how can protection reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, volcano

A

cannot design volcano proof buildings but can use concrete to divert leave flows

42
Q

how can planning reduce the risks of a tectonic hazard, volcano

A
  • evacuation
  • exclusion zones
  • education
43
Q

tropical storms

A

low pressure weather systems with intense rain and winds

44
Q

tropical storms develop between 5° and 30° north and south of the equator when…

A

sea temperature is 27° or higher

45
Q

which way do tropical storms spin in the northern hemisphere

A

anti-clockwise

46
Q

which way do tropical storms spin in the southern hemisphere

A

clockwise

47
Q

facts about the centre of the storm (eye)

A
  • up to 50km wide
  • caused by descending air
  • very low pressure
  • light winds, no clouds, no rain
  • high temperature
48
Q

facts about eyewall

A
  • there is spiralling rising air
  • very strong winds (around 160km per hour)
  • storm clouds
  • torrential rain
  • low temperature
49
Q

facts about the edges of the storm

A
  • wind speeds fall
  • clouds become smaller and more scattered
  • rain becomes less intense
  • temperature increases
50
Q

frequency of tropical storms

A
  • oceans stay at 27° or higher for longer each year, longer period when tropical storms can form
  • number of storms each year will increase
51
Q

distribution of tropical storms

A
  • as average ocean temperatures rises more oceans could be above 27°
  • more tropical storms possibly at higher latitudes
52
Q

intensity of tropical storms

A
  • high sea surface temperatures, result in more evaporation snd increased cloud formation, more energy released
  • storms could be more powerful
53
Q

how can prediction and monitoring reduce the effects of tropical storms

A
  • monitored using radar and satellites, computer models then calculate storms predicted path
  • predicting where they are going gives people to evacuate and protect themselves and buildings
54
Q

how can planning reduce the effects of tropical storms

A
  • future developments, new houses, can avoid high-risk areas such as low-lying coastal zones
  • governments can plan evacuation routes to ensure people can get away quickly
  • emergency services can prepare for disasters by practising rescuing people from flooded areas
55
Q

how can protection reduce the effects of tropical storms

A
  • buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms, also put on stilts to protects from floods
  • flood defences can be build along rivers and coasted (sea walls)
56
Q

impacts of strong winds

A
  • damage properties
  • disrupt transport
  • uprooted trees and debris can injure or kill people
57
Q

impacts of heavy rainfall

A
  • too much rain can cause flooding, damage homes, disrupt transport and drown people
  • recovering from flooding can cost millions
58
Q

impacts of snow and ice

A
  • cause injured due to slipping
  • cause deaths due to the cold
  • schools, business forced to shut, which can cause economic impacts
59
Q

impacts of droughts

A
  • water supplies can run low, causing economic impacts (crop failures)
  • rules to conserve water have to be introduced (banning hose pipes)
60
Q

impacts of thunderstorms

A
  • heavy rain, strong winds and lightning can all occur during thunderstorms
  • lightning can cause fires, can damage property and the environment, occasionally jill people
61
Q

impacts of heat waves

A
  • during long periods of hot weather, pollution builds up in air, can cause heat exhaustion or beating difficulties, which can kill people
  • disruption to transport from rails bucking or roads melting cause economic impacts
  • tourism may benefit from better weather
62
Q

what sources can scientists use to work out how climate has changed over time

A
  • tree rings
  • ice and sediment cores
  • pollen analysis
  • temperature records
63
Q

ice and sediment cores

A
  • ice sheets made up of layers of ice, one layer formed every year
  • scientists drill into ice to get king cores of ice
  • by analysing the gas’s trapped in the layers of ice they can tell what temperature it was each year
  • show evidence from at least 5 million years
64
Q

tree rings

A

as tree grows it forms new ring each year, rings are thicker in warm, wet conditions
- scientists count rings to find age of free, thickness of each rings shows what the climate was like
- tree rings reliable source of evidence of climate change for past 10,000 years

65
Q

pollen analysis

A
  • pollen from plants gets preserved in sediment
  • scientists can identify and date persevered pollen to show which species living at that time
  • scientists know the conditions plants live in then so can compare plants to now and see how climate changed them
66
Q

temperature records

A
  • since 1850 global temperature records have been measured accurately using thermometers, a reliable but short term record of temperature
  • historical evidence, like newspapers or weather reports can show evidence of temperatures
67
Q

orbital changes

A

affect how much solar radiation (energy) the Earth receives, more energy means more warming

68
Q

what are the variations in the way the Earth orbits the sun

A
  • stretch- the Earth’s orbit around the Sun varies from circular to elliptical (oval-shaped) also called eccentricity
  • tilt- the Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle as it orbits the Sun
  • wobble- the Earth’s axis wobbled like a spinning top (precession)

these changes may have caused the glacial and interglacial cycles of the Quaternary period

69
Q

volcanic activity

A
  • major volcanic eruptions eject large quantities of material into the atmosphere
  • some of these particles reflect the Sun’s rays back out to space, so the Earth’s surface cools
  • volcanic activity may cause short-term changes in climate
70
Q

solar output

A
  • the Sun’s energy output isn’t constant it changes in short cycles of about 11 years and possibly hundreds of years long as well
  • reduced solar output means that the Earth’s climate may become cooler in some areas
  • solar output isn’t thought to have a major effect on global climate change
71
Q

global atmospheric circulation develops

A
  • sun warns the earth at the equator causing air to rise, creates a low pressure belt
  • as air rises it cools and moves from the equator
  • 30° north and south of the equator cool air sinks creating high pressure belt
  • at the ground surface cool air moves either back to equator as trade winds or towards the poles, these winds curve bc of the earths rotation (coriolis effect)
  • 60° north and south of the equator the warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles, warmer air rises creating low pressure
  • some air moves back towards equator snd the rest moves towards the poles
  • at poles the cool air sinks creating high pressure, high pressure air is drawn back towards the equator
72
Q

what are the social reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard

A
  • people want to stay with friends and family
  • threat may not be great enough
  • people confident that buildings will protect them from an earthquake

Geography (9 decks)

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