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Geography > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

total value of goods and services produced by a county in a year, including income from overseas

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2
Q

GNI is a measure of

A

wealth

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3
Q

As a country develops the GNI gets

A

higher

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4
Q

GNI per head (GNI per capita)

A

GNI divided by the population of a country

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5
Q

GNI per head is a measure of

A

wealth

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6
Q

as a country develops its GNI per head gets

A

higher

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7
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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8
Q

birth rate is a measure of

A

education

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9
Q

as a country develops its birth rate gets

A

lower

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10
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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11
Q

death rate is a measure of

A

health

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12
Q

as a country develops its death rate gets

A

lower

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13
Q

infant mortality rate

A

number of babies who die before 1 year old per 1000 babies born

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14
Q

infant mortality rate is a measure of

A

health

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15
Q

as a country develops its infant mortality rate gets

A

lower

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16
Q

people per doctor

A

average number of people for each doctor

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17
Q

people per doctor is a measure of

A

health

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18
Q

as a country develops its people per doctor gets

A

lower

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19
Q

literacy rate

A

percentage or adults who can read and write

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20
Q

literacy rate is a measure of

A

education

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21
Q

as a country develops its literacy rate gets

A

higher

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22
Q

access to safe water

A

percentage of people who can get clean drinking water

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23
Q

access to safe water is a measure of

A

health

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24
Q

as a country develops its access to safe water gets

A

higher

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25
Q

life expectancy

A

average age a person can expect to live to

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26
Q

life expectancy is a measure of

A

health

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27
Q

as a country develops its life expectancy gets

A

higher

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28
Q

higher income countries (HICs)

A
  • wealthiest countries
  • greatest level of development
  • GNI per head is high
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29
Q

lower income counties (LICs)

A
  • poorest countries
  • limited level of development
  • GNI per head is very low
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30
Q

newly emerging economies (NEEs)

A

country where wealth always changing, rapidly increasing

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31
Q

demographic transition mode (DTM)

A

shows how birth and death rates affect population

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32
Q

natural increase

A

birth rate higher than death rate

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33
Q

natural decrease

A

death rate higher than birth rate

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34
Q

population pyramids

A
  • show the population of a country by age
  • number of men and women goes on the horizontal axis and their age groups goes on vertical axis
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35
Q

examples of DTM stage 1

A

brazil tribes

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36
Q

examples of DTM stage 2

A

Gambia (LICs)

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37
Q

examples of DTM stage 3

A

India (NEEs)

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38
Q

examples of DTM stage 4

A

UK

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39
Q

level of development in DTM stage 1

A

least developed

40
Q

level of development in DTM stage 2

A

not very developed

41
Q

level of development in DTM stage 3

A

more developed

42
Q

level of development in DTM stage 4 and 5

A

the most developed

43
Q

birth rate of DTM stage 1

44
Q

birth rate of DTM stage 2

A

high and steady

45
Q

birth rate of DTM stage 3

A

rapidly falling

46
Q

birth rate of DTM stage 4

47
Q

birth rate of DTM stage 5

A

slowly falling

48
Q

death rate of DTM stage 1

49
Q

death rate of DTM stage 2

A

rapidly falling

50
Q

death rate of DTM stage 3

A

slowly falling

51
Q

death rate of DTM stage 4

52
Q

death rate of DTM stage 5

A

low and steady

53
Q

population growth rate in DTM stage 1

54
Q

population growth rate in DTM stage 2

55
Q

population growth rate in DTM stage 3

56
Q

population growth rate in DTM stage 4

57
Q

population growth rate in DTM stage 5

58
Q

population size of DTM stage 1

A

low and steady

59
Q

population size of DTM stage 2

A

rapidly increasing

60
Q

population size of DTM stage 3

A

increasing

61
Q

population size of DTM stage 4

A

high and steady

62
Q

population size of DTM stage 5

A

slowly falling

63
Q

physical factors that affect how developed a country is

A
  • poor climate
  • poor farming land
  • few raw materials
  • lots of natural disasters
64
Q

physical factors: poor climate

A
  • rlly hot, rlly cold or rlly dry climates allows not much to grow, low food produced, creates malnutrition, low quality of life
  • fewer crops to sell, less money to use and buy essential things, government get less money for taxes, less money spent on developing country
65
Q

physical factors: few raw materials

A

without them (coal, oil or metal ores) fewer products to export to other countries, less money in and spent on development

66
Q

physical factors: lots of natural disasters

A
  • forced to spend money rebuilding
  • reduce quality of life of people affected by them
67
Q

economic factors that affect how developed a country is

A
  • poor trade links
  • lots of debt
  • an economy based on primary byproducts
68
Q

trade

A

exchange of goods and services between countries

69
Q

economic factors: poor trade link (trades small amount with only a few countries)

A

wont make lots of money, less to spend on development

70
Q

economic factors: lots of debt

A
  • very poor countries borrow money from other counties
  • money is forced to be payed back (sometimes with interest) do there’s less development
71
Q

economic factors: economy based on primary products

A

countries that mostly export primary products tend not to be less developed than counties that export manufacturing goods because manufacturing goods sell for more profit

72
Q

strategies that can reduce development gap

A
  • investment
  • aid
  • fair trade
  • using intermediate technology
  • microfinance loans
  • industrial development
  • debt relief
73
Q

foreign-direct investment (FDI)

A

when people or companies in one country buy property or invest in infrastructure in another

74
Q

strategies that can reduce development gap (investment)

A

FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise as well was improved infrastructure and industry and an increase in services

75
Q

strategies that can reduce development gap (aid)

A
  • money or resources (food, medicine) are given to a country by a charity or foreign government
  • money used for development projects
76
Q

fair trade

A

all about farmers in LICs getting a fair price for the goods they produce (bananas)

77
Q

strategies that can reduce development gap (using intermediate technology)

A
  • using tools, machines, systems to improve the quality of life
  • simple to use and efficient
  • cheap and affordable
78
Q

strategies that can reduce development gap (microfinance loans )

A
  • helps people in LICs to start a business band become financially independent
  • also encourage people to get in debt
79
Q

microfinance

A
  • small loans given to people in LICs who aren’t able to get loans from banks
  • helps make a business and become economically independent
80
Q

strategies that can reduce development gap (industrial development)

A
  • countries with low level of development, agriculture is a huge percentage
  • developing industry boosts GNI and development as skills and infrastructure are improved
81
Q

debt relief

A

when some or all of a country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered meaning the country has more money to spend on development

82
Q

services

A

retail and entertainment

83
Q

3 main causes of economic change in the UK

A
  • deindustrialization
  • globalisation
  • government policies
84
Q

3 main causes of economic change in the UK (deindustrialization)

A
  • industrial base declined as increased machines, job losses in manufacturing industries
  • other counties industrialised, produce food more cheaply than UK, increased competition and forced UK manufacturing industries to close
85
Q

what negative effects on the environment does industry have

A

pollution
greenhouse gases
using them used lots of energy and water
extracting raw materials is damaging to habitats

86
Q

UK improving transport networks (roads)

A

capacity on motorway being increased, adding more lanes

87
Q

UK improving transport networks (railways)

A
  • cross rail will increase central London’s capacity by 10% when opens fully
  • lines like HS2 increase capacity and allow faster journeys
88
Q

UK improving transport networks (airports)

A

new runways built (might increase noise and air pollution in area and increase greenhouse gases)

89
Q

UK improving transport networks (ports)

A

new port in River Thames, world’s largest container ships, hopefully become a hub for global trade

90
Q

the UK have also formed economic and political links with other countries like

A
  • European Union (EU)
  • The Commonwealth
91
Q

European Union (EU)

A
  • an economic and political partnership of 27 counties
  • goods and people can move freely between those counties
  • UK left in 2020
92
Q

The Commonwealth

A

an association of 54 states including UK ent many of its former colonies
promotes co-operation between member counties (through trade, air, sport)

93
Q

evidence of north-south divide

A
  • wages lower in north than south
  • health is worse in north than south, life expectancy is lower
    -education GCSE results better in south
94
Q

reduce north-south divide

A
  • devolving more powers
  • creating enterprise zones
  • the northern powerhouse
95
Q

examples of DTM stage 5

96
Q

what benefits do companies get for locating in enterprise zones

A
  • reduced taxes
  • simpler planning rules
  • financial benefits
  • improved infrastructure
97
Q

the northern powerhouse

A

the government’s plan to reduce inequality between north and south by attracting investment into north and improving transport links between northern cities

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