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Geography > Physical Landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

Physical Landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

weathering

A

breakdown of rocks

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2
Q

erosion

A

when rocks are broken down and carried away by something (seawater)

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3
Q

mechanical weathering

A

the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

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4
Q

example of mechanical weathering

A

freeze-thaw weathering

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5
Q

explain how freeze-thaw weathering happens

A
  • temperature alternates above and below 0°
  • water enters rock’s cracks
  • freezes and expands, pressure on rock
  • thaws and contracts, release pressure
  • repeated, widens cracks causes it to break
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6
Q

chemical weathering

A

breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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7
Q

example of chemical weathering

A

carbonation weathering

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8
Q

what is carbonation weathering

A

rainwater has carbon dioxide dissolved in it, makes it a weak carbonic acid which reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate and then rock dissolves

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9
Q

mass movement

A

shifting of rocks and lose material down a slope (cliff)

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10
Q

how does mass movement occur

A

force of gravity acting on slip is greater than force supporting it

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11
Q

what does mass movement cause

A

coasts to retreat rapidly

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12
Q

mass movement is more likely to happen when…

A

the material is full of water, makes it heavier

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13
Q

scarp

A

steep ‘cut’ in the side of the slope

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14
Q

explain the process of mass movement

A
  • martial shifts in a straight line along a slide plane
  • material rotates alone a curved slip plane
  • material breaks up often along bedding planes and falls down a slope
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15
Q

fetch

A

distance wind blows over the sea

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16
Q

the greater the fetch…

A

the more powerful the wave

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17
Q

storm surges

A

temporary sea level rises caused as strong winds push water onshore

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18
Q

properties of destructive waves

A
  • high frequency, high and steep
  • backwash more powerful then their awash, so material is removed
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19
Q

properties of constructive waves

A
  • low frequency, low and long
  • smash is more powerful than their backwash, so material is deposited
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20
Q

what are waves that deposit material called

A

constructive waves

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21
Q

what are waves that remove material called

A

destructive waves

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22
Q

what do destructive waves do

A

remove material

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23
Q

what do constructive waves do

A

deposit material

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24
Q

backwash

A

water moving down the beach

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25
Q

swash

A

water moving up the beach

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26
Q

hydraulic power

A
  • waves crash against rock and compress the air in the cracks
  • puts pressure on rock
    repeated compression widens cracks and causes bits of rock to break off
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27
Q

abrasion

A

erodes particles in the water scrape and rub against rock, removing small pieces

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28
Q

attrition

A

erodes particles in the water collide, break into smaller pieces and become more rounded

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29
Q

suspension

A

smalls particles like slit and clay are carried along in the water

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30
Q

traction

A

large particles like boulders are pushed along the sea bed by the force of the water

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31
Q

saltation

A

pebble-sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of the water

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32
Q

solution

A

soluble materials (limestone) dissolve in the water and are carried along

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33
Q

deposition

A

dropping of material

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34
Q

how does deposition occur

A

when water carrying sediment loses energy and slows down

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35
Q

amount of material that’s deposited on an area of coast is increased when:

A
  • lots of erosion on coast
  • lots of material transported into area
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36
Q

coasts built up when the amount of deposition is…

A

greater than the amount of erosion

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37
Q

waves follow the direction of… what?

A

prevailing wind

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38
Q

discordant coastlines are made up of…

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock at right angles to the coast

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39
Q

concordant coastlines are made up of…

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock that are parallel to the coast

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40
Q

what form when there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast

A

headlands and bays

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41
Q

headlands and bays form where there are

A

alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast

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42
Q

to form a bay with a gentle slope…

A

less resistant rock is eroded faster

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43
Q

to form a headland with steep sides…

A

because resistant rock erodes more slowly if juts out

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44
Q

the resistant rock that makes up headlands often has…

A

weaknesses like cracks

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45
Q

waves crash into headlands and…

A

enlarge the cracks

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46
Q

waves crash into headlands and enlarge the cracks mainly by…

A

hydraulic power and abrasion

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47
Q

what causes caves to form

A

repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks by abrasion and waves

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48
Q

repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks by abrasion and waves causes what?

A

caves to form

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49
Q

continued erosion on a rock does what to the cave?

A

deepens it’s until it breaks through the headland to form an arch

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50
Q

how does an arch form

A

continued erosion that depends cave until it breaks through headland

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51
Q

erosion continues to do what to the rock supporting the arch?

A

wear it away

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52
Q

erosion continued to wear away the rock supporting the arch until what happens?

A

it eventually collapses

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53
Q

after rock supporting arch is worn away and eventually collapses what is formed

A

stack

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54
Q

what is a stack

A

an isolated rock that separates from the hand land

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55
Q

example of a stack

A

Old Harry in Dorset

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56
Q

how is a stack formed

A

rock supporting arch is worn away and eventually collapses

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57
Q

waves erode foot of cliffs to form…

A

wave-cut notch

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58
Q

what is a wave-cut notch

A

erosion at the foot of a cliff

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59
Q

repeated erosion on wave-cut notch causes rock above to…

A

be unstable and eventually collapse

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60
Q

how does the rock above a wave-cut notch eventually collapse?

A

repeated erosion on wave-cut notch

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61
Q

what happens to collapsed rock material above wave-cut notch?

A

washed away

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62
Q

what happens after collapsed rock material above wave-cut notch is washed away?

A

new wave-cut notch starts to form

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63
Q

what happens to repeated erosion and collapsing on material of the cliff?

A

cliff retreats and leaves a wave-cut platform

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64
Q

how is a wave-cut platform formed?

A

repeated erosion on cliff which collapses material and cliff slowly retreats over time

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65
Q

beaches are found on coasts between the…

A

high and low water marks

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66
Q

how are beaches formed

A

by constructive waves depositing material

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67
Q

sand beaches are created by ___ _____ waves

A

low energy

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68
Q

shingle beaches are created by ____ _____ waves

A

high energy

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69
Q

sand beaches are…

A

flat and wide

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70
Q

shingle beaches are…

A

steep and narrow

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71
Q

how are sand beaches created?

A

sand particles are small so the weak backwash can move them down the beach, created a long, gentle slope

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72
Q

how are shingle beaches created?

A
  • sand particles are washed away but larger shingle is left behind
  • the shingle particles build up to create a steep slope
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73
Q

sand particles are small so the weak backwash can move them back down the beach creating a…

A

long, gentle slope

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74
Q

sand particles are washed away but larger single is left behind. The shingle particles build up to create a…

A

steep slope

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75
Q

deposited sediment forms:

A
  • beaches
  • spits
  • bars
  • sand dunes
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76
Q

where are spits formed

A

at sharp bends in the coastline

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77
Q

to form a spit longshore drift transports ____ and _______ past the bend and deposits it in the sea

A

sand and shingle

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78
Q

strong winds and waves can curve the end of…

A

the spit

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79
Q

the spit end can be curved by…

A

strong winds and waves

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80
Q

the area behind the spit is __________ from waves

A

sheltered

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81
Q

why is the area behind the spit sheltered from waves?

A

so material accumulates and plants are able to grow

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82
Q

over time the sheltered area behind the spit can become…

A

a mud flat or a salt marsh

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83
Q

when is a bar formed

A

when a spit joins two headlands together

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84
Q

when a spit joins two headlands together, what is formed?

A

a bar

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85
Q

when a bar is being formed and the bag between the headlands gets cut off from the sea what can formed behind the bar?

A

a lagoon

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86
Q

when can offshore bars form?

A

if the coast has a gentle slope

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87
Q

what can form if the coast has a gentle slope?

A

offshore bars

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88
Q

when a bar is being formed, friction with the sea bed causes waves to slow down and deposit sediment offshore creating…

A

a bad that is not connected to the coast

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89
Q

when are sand dunes formed?

A

when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by wind

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90
Q

when sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the beach by wind, what is formed?

A

sand dunes

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91
Q

obstacles cause…

A

wind speed to decrease

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92
Q

when creating sand dunes obstacles can cause wind speed to decrease so…

A

sand is deposited and forms little embryo dunes

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93
Q

what are dune slacks?

A

small pools

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94
Q

where can dune slacks form?

A

in hollows between dunes

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95
Q

embryo dunes are…

A

colonised by plants

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96
Q

when waves follow direction of prevailing wind they usually hit the coast at an…

A

oblique angle

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97
Q

what is an oblique angle?

A

any angle that isn’t a right angle

98
Q

when waves hit the coast at an oblique angle the swash carries material…

A

up the beach in the same direction as the waves

99
Q

when waves hit the coast at an oblique angle the swash carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves and then the backwash then carries the material…

A

down the beach at right angles and back towards the sea

100
Q

longshore drifts moves material in which way along the coast?

A

zig zags

101
Q

what is the aim of coastal management

A

to protect people and environment from the impacts of erosion and flooding

102
Q

coastal defences include:

A
  • hard engineering
  • soft engineering
103
Q

hard engineering

A

man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion

104
Q

soft engineering

A

schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

105
Q

what type of engineering is, schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion?

A

soft engineering

106
Q

what type of engineering is, man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion

A

hard engineering

107
Q

examples of hard engineering:

A
  • sea wall
  • gabions
  • rock armour
  • groynes
108
Q

examples of soft engineering:

A
  • beach nourishment and reprofiling
  • dune regeneration
109
Q

what type of engineering is, sea wall

A

hard engineering

110
Q

what type of engineering is, gabions

A

hard engineering

111
Q

what type of engineering is, rock armour

A

hard engineering

112
Q

what type of engineering is, groynes

A

hard engineering

113
Q

what type of engineering is, beach nourishment and reprofiling

A

soft engineering

114
Q

what type of engineering is, dune regeneration

A

soft engineering

115
Q

sea wall

A

a wall made out of hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea

116
Q

what do sea walls do?

A

reflect water back to sea

117
Q

what are sea walls made of?

A

hard materials like concrete

118
Q

what is a wall made out of hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea called?

A

sea wall

119
Q

positives of a sea wall?

A
  • prevents erosion of the coast
  • acts as a barrier to prevent flooding
120
Q

negatives of a sea wall?

A
  • expensive to build and maintain
  • created strong backwash that eroded under the wall
121
Q

gabions

A

a wall of wire cages filled with rocks, usually built at the foot of cliffs

122
Q

what is a wall of wire cages filled with rocks, usually built at the foot of cliffs called?

A

gabions

123
Q

in gabions what are the wall of cages filled with?

A

rocks

124
Q

where are gabions normally built?

A

at foot of cliffs

125
Q

positives of gabions:

A
  • absorb wave energy, so reduce erosion
  • cheap and easy to build
126
Q

negatives of gabions:

A
  • ugly
  • wire cages corrode over time
127
Q

rock armour

A

piled up boulders along the coast

128
Q

what is piled up boulders along the coast called?

A

rock armour

129
Q

in rock armour what are piled up along the coast?

A

boulders

130
Q

in rock armour what happens to the rocks along the coast?

A

piled up

131
Q

positives of rock armour:

A
  • absorbs wave energy, so reduces erosion and flooding
  • cheap
132
Q

negatives of rock armour:

A

boulders can be moved around by strong waves to need to be replaced

133
Q

groynes

A

wooden or stone fences that trap material transported by longshore drift and are built at right angles to the coast

134
Q

what is a wooden or stone fences that trap material transported by longshore drift and are built at right angles to the coast called?

A

groynes

135
Q

groynes are fences made of what?

A

wood or stone

136
Q

in groynes what do they use wood and stone for?

A

to make fences

137
Q

i’m groynes what angle are the fences built in?

A

right angles

138
Q

positives of groynes:

A
  • create wider beaches which slow the waves, greater protection from flooding and erosion
  • cheap
139
Q

negatives of groynes:

A
  • starve beaches of sand further down the coast making them narrower, which don’t protect coast very well and lead to greater erosion
140
Q

beach nourishment and reprofiling

A

sand and shingle from seabed or lower down the beach is added to upper parts of beach

141
Q

beach nourishment and reprofiling is the use of what materials?

A

sand and shingle

142
Q

beach nourishment and reprofiling is getting materials from where

A

seabed

143
Q

positives of beach nourishment and reprofiling:

A

creates wider beaches which slow the waves, greater protecting from flooding and erosion

144
Q

negatives of beach nourishment and reprofiling:

A
  • taking materials from seabed can kill organisms like corals
  • very expensive
  • has to be repeated
145
Q

in beach nourishment and reprofiling taking materials from seabed can kill what organisms

A

sponges and corals

146
Q

what is sand and shingle from seabed or lower down the beach is added to upper parts of beach called?

A

beach nourishment and reprofiling

147
Q

dune regeneration

A

creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand

148
Q

what is creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand called?

A

dune regeneration

149
Q

dune regeneration is creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by…

A

planting vegetation to stabilise the sand

150
Q

in dune regeneration why does we plant vegetation?

A

to stabilise the sand

151
Q

positives of dune regeneration:

A
  • dunes create a barrier between land and sea and absorb wave energy, preventing flooding and erosion
  • stabilisation is cheap
152
Q

negatives of dune regeneration:

A
  • protection is limited to a small area
  • nourishment is very expensive
153
Q

managed retreat

A

removing current defences and allowing the sea to flood the land behind overtime land will become a marshland

154
Q

by using managed retreat what will the land eventually become?

A

marshland

155
Q

magnates retreat involves allowing the sea to do what?

A

flood the land behind

156
Q

positives of managed retreat:

A
  • cheap
  • easy
  • doesn’t need maintaining
  • marshland creates new habitats for plants and animals
157
Q

negatives of managed retreat:

A

flooding farmland affects livelihood of farmers and saltwater has negative effects on existing ecosystems

158
Q

glaciers

A

masses of ice that fill valleys and hollows

159
Q

what do glaciers dow as they slowly make their way downhill?

A

erode the landscape and drop all of stuff behind them as they go

160
Q

what makes glaciers move downhill?

A

their weight

161
Q

some glaciers have a thin layer of _________

A

meltwater

162
Q

some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated _______ ___ ___

A

beneath the ice

163
Q

some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated beneath the ice and acts as a __________

A

lubricant

164
Q

some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated beneath the ice and acts as a lubricant which helps glaciers ____

A

move

165
Q

some glaciers have a thin layer of meltwater which accumulated beneath the ice and acts as a lubricant which helps glaciers move. what is this process called?

A

basal sliding

166
Q

what is basal sliding?

A

thin layer of meltwater under the glacier ice which acts as a lubricant and makes it move

167
Q

plucking

A
  • meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto rock
  • as glacier moves forward it pulls out pieces of rock
168
Q

what is meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto rock and as glacier moves forward it pulls out pieces of rock called?

A

plucking

169
Q

at the top end of the glacier which was does the ice not move?

A

straight line

170
Q

at the top end of the glacier which was does the ice move?

A

circular motion

171
Q

at the top end of the glacier the ice moves in a circular motion called what?

A

rotational slip

172
Q

what is rotational slip?

A

at the top end of the glacier the ice moves in a circular motion

173
Q

what can rotational slip do?

A

erode hollows in the landscape and deepen them into bowl shapes

174
Q

what can erode hollows in the landscape and deepen them into bowl shapes?

A

rotational slip

175
Q

the rock above glaciers is also broken down by…

A

freeze-thaw weathering

176
Q

glaciers move ________

A

material

177
Q

what materials do glaciers move?

A

sand, clay, rocks

178
Q

glaciers move material over a ____ ______ distance

A

very large

179
Q

glaciers move material over a very large __________

A

distance

180
Q

what is the movement of material of a large distance by glaciers called?

A

transportation

181
Q

transportation

A

movement of material of a large distance by glaciers

182
Q

till

A

unsorted mixture of material

183
Q

what is the unsorted mixture of material called?

A

till

184
Q

transported material is…

A
  • frozen in the glaciers
  • carried on its surface
  • pushed in front of it
185
Q

bulldozing

A

when glaciers push loose material ahead of them

186
Q

what’s it called when glaciers push loose material ahead of them?

A

bulldozing

187
Q

what happened if a glacier is overloaded with material

A

the material is deposited on the valley floor

188
Q

when a glacier is overloaded with material it deposits it on the valley floor forming landforms such as…

A
  • moraines
  • drumlins
189
Q

what are most glacial deposits not sorted in

A

size and weight (instead they are mixed)

190
Q

sand and gravel can get washed away from the front of the glacier by small…

A

meltwater streams

191
Q

meltwater streams

A

streams that sort material by size and deposit it in layers in front of glaciers

192
Q

what are streams that sort material by size and deposit it in layers in front of glaciers called?

A

meltwater streams

193
Q

in meltwater streams the material is deposited in layers called what?

A

outwash

194
Q

outwash

A

the layers that material in meltwater streams are deposited into

195
Q

most landscapes in the upland UK area have been…

A

affected by ice

196
Q

arête

A

narrow, steep-sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow in parallel valleys

197
Q

what is a narrow, steep-sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow in parallel valleys called?

A

arête

198
Q

in an arête the glaciers erode what?

A

sides of the valley which sharpens the ridge between them and giving it a jagged profile

199
Q

pyramidal peak

A

a pointed mountain peak with at least three sides

200
Q

what is a pointed mountain peak with at least three sides called?

A

pyramidal peak

201
Q

how is a pyramidal peak formed?

A

when three or more back-to-back glaciers erode a mountain

202
Q

when three or more back-to-back glaciers erode a mountain, what do they form?

A

pyramidal peak

203
Q

a pyramidal peak is formed when three or more back-to-back glaciers erode a ________

A

mountain

204
Q

truncated spurs

A

cliff-like edges on the valley side

205
Q

what are cliff-like edges on the valley side called?

A

truncated spurs

206
Q

how are truncated spurs formed?

A

when ridges of land that stick out into the main valley are cut off as the glacier moves past

207
Q

when ridges of land that stick out into the main valley are cut off as the glacier moves past, what forms?

A

truncated spurs

208
Q

truncated spurs are cliff-like _____ on the valley side

A

edges

209
Q

hanging valleys

A

valleys formed by small tributary glaciers that flow into a main glacier

210
Q

what are valleys formed by small tributary glaciers that flow into a main glacier called?

A

hanging valleys

211
Q

how is a hanging valley formed?

A

glacial tough of larger glacier is eroded much more deeply, when glacier melts the tributary glacier’s valleys are left at a higher level

212
Q

hanging valleys are valleys formed by small ________ glaciers that flow into a main glacier

A

tributary

213
Q

glacial trough

A

steep-sided valley with flat floors

214
Q

what is a steep-sided valley with flat floors

A

glacial trough

215
Q

glacial troughs are steep-sided valley with flat ______

A

floors

216
Q

how are glacial troughs formed?

A

start as v shaped valley turn into u shaped as glacier erodes the sides and floor, makes it seller and wider

217
Q

ribbon lakes

A

long thin lakes

218
Q

what are long think lakes called?

A

ribbon lakes

219
Q

ribbon lakes are long ____ lakes

A

thin

220
Q

where do ribbon lakes form?

A

in hollows where softer rock was eroded more than the surrounding hard rock

221
Q

corries

A

hollows containing a small glacier

222
Q

what are hollows containing a small glacier called?

A

corries

223
Q

what happens as rotational slip takes place on a corrie?

A

erodes into a steep-sided armchair shape with a lil at bottom, ice melts it leaves a lake

224
Q

moraines

A

landforms made out of till deposited by a melting glacier

225
Q

what are landforms made out of till deposited by a melting glacier called?

A

moraines

226
Q

what are the four different types of moraines?

A
  • lateral
  • medial
  • ground
  • terminal
227
Q

lateral moraine

A

long mound of material deposited where the side of a glacier was

228
Q

what is a long mound of material deposited where the side of a glacier was called?

A

lateral moraine

229
Q

medial moraine

A

long ride of material deposited along the canter of a valley floor

230
Q

what is a long ride of material deposited along the canter of a valley floor called?

A

medial moraine

231
Q

ground moraine

A

eroded material that was dragged along the base of a glacier

232
Q

what is eroded material that was dragged along the base of a glacier called?

A

ground moraine

233
Q

drumlins

A

elongated hills

234
Q

what are elongated hills called?

A

drumlins

235
Q

how are drumlins formed?

A

when overloaded or melting glaciers deposit material, material builds up overtime forming hills under glaciers

236
Q

erratics

A

rock that have been picked up by a glacier, carried along and dropped in an area that has a completely different rock type

237
Q

what is rock that have been picked up by a glacier, carried along and dropped in an area that has a completely different rock type called?

A

erratics

238
Q

uses of glaciated areas:

A
  • farming
  • quarrying (mining)
  • forestry
  • tourism
239
Q

why is sheep farming common in upland glacial areas

A

because steep slopes and poor soils make it unsuitable for most other farming

240
Q

how can tourists cause conflict in glacial landscapes?

A

disrupt farming by damaging property, scaring sheep, leaving gates open, trampling crops

241
Q

how can quarrying cause conflict in glacial landscapes?

A
  • causes noise by movement of trucks and noise of quarry
  • look ugly so less tourists are attracted

Geography (9 decks)

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