Earthquakes in Chile and Nepal and Typhoon Haiyan Flashcards
how does Nepal and Chile differ in terms of wealth
- Chile (38th) has higher GDP than Nepal (109th)
- Chile has higher level of development than Nepal
Chile earthquake date
17th February 2010
magnitude of Chile earthquake
8.8 on Richter scale
Nepal earthquake date
25th April 2015
magnitude of Nepal earthquake
7.9 on Richter scale
deaths of Chile earthquake
500
injured Chile earthquake
12,000
how many people affected by Chile earthquake
around 800,000
effects of Chile earthquake on buildings and infrastructure
- 22,000 homes destroyed
- 4,500 schools destroyed
- 56 hospitals destroyed
- 53 ports destroyed
- Santiago airport damaged
- Electricity, water and communications cut off
estimated cost of Chile earthquake
$30 billion
secondary effects of Chile earthquake
- landslides (damaged 1500km of roads)
- tsunami (hit coastal areas of Chile)
- fire broke (e.g fire in chemical plant outside Santiago)
deaths of Nepal earthquake
9,000
injured Nepal earthquake
20,000
how many people affected by Nepal earthquake
over 8 million (1/3 of Nepal population)
how many homeless Nepal earthquake
3 million
schools destroyed Nepal earthquake
7000
shops destroyed Nepal earthquake
affect population
50% destroyed, limited food supply, affected people’s sources of incomes
how many in urgent need for food water and shelter after Nepal earthquake
1.4 million
estimated cost of Nepal earthquake
$5 billion
secondary effects of Nepal earthquake
landslides and avalanches triggered, blocked rivers and flooded areas and blocked roads
death of avalanche Mount Everest triggered by Nepal earthquake
19
what did Chile do to find and help survivors after earthquake
- deployed search and rescue teams, search for survivors
- made temporary field hospitals to care for them
what repairs, carried out immediately, used in Chile to help with relief efforts
road repairs so highways which connect to the capital, Santiago, to the rest of country
temporary shelter built after Chile earthquake for homeless
- 5,000 at first
- enough money raised to build 30,000
how quickly was power and water restored in Chile after earthquake
restored to 90% of homes in 10 days
how much money was raised after Chile earthquake
$60 million
did Chile rely on foreign aid in long-term
not really because of Chile’s strong economy and preparedness
how did Nepal source relief supplies immediately after earthquake
- replied heavily on international aid from areas such as China, India and UK
- these countries supplied medical support and essential supplies
how much was raised internationally after Nepal earthquake
over £87 million in donations alone
what did Nepal use for search and rescue and support
helicopters, used for survivors and reach those trapped from landslides and avalanches
how and why were tents so heavily relied upon after Nepal earthquake
half a million tents supplied and used for shelter for homeless, classrooms and temporary hospitals
how many people immediately fled Kathmandu after earthquake
300,000
how was social media used immediately after Nepal earthquake
used to allow to mark themselves as safe and let family members know they were out of danger
how did Nepal respond to damaged and destroyed buildings in long-term
- in 2019, about 3/4 homes rebuilt
- government introduced stricter building codes
what issues because of landslides did Nepal have to respond to in the long-term
- lakes formed by landslides needed to be drained and cleared so rivers could return to normal
- roads had to be repaired after damaged by landslides
long-term responses to Mount Everest routes
roads repaired and avalanches cleared by British Army
when was last severe flooding event on the Somerset Levels
2014
3 main causes of Somerset Levels floods
- high rainfall levels due to many depressions from the Atlantic
- soil was saturated and water had nowhere to go
- lack of dredging reduced river capacity
how much rain fell in January and February, how high above average rainfall (Somerset Levels)
350mm (100mm above average)
how many homes flooded (Somerset Levels)
over 600
how many farms evacuated (Somerset Levels)
16
why were some people left stranded (Somerset Levels)
some villages (Moorland, Muchelney) were completely cut of by flood water
what was estimated cost of damage (Somerset Levels)
over £80 million
how was agricultural land affected (Somerset Levels)
- lot of agricultural land flooded
- over 1400 ha of agricultural land was underwater for 3-4 weeks
how many livestock had to be evacuated from farms (Somerset Levels)
over 1000
how were transport links affected (Somerset Levels)
many roads were flooded and inaccessible and the Bristol to Taunton railway line was closed at Bridgewater
how did floods affect the environment (Somerset Levels)
floodwater transported sewage, chemical and debris to other areas and affected the Levels ecosystems
how was stagnant water dealt with after floods (Somerset Levels)
water had to be reoxygenated before being pumped back into rivers
how did warnings limit the effects of the floods (Somerset Levels)
weather and flood warnings communicated to residents that there was a danger to life and they should evacuate
how did temporary flood defences help to manage flood (Somerset Levels)
temporary barriers and sandbags helped limit flood water reaching homes to a certain extent
what is the 20 year plan that aims to manage and reduce flood risk (Somerset Levels)
- turning temporary pumping stations into permanent ones
- regular dredging of the rivers Parrett and Tone
- building a tidal barrage at Bridgewater
- widening the River Sowy’s channel
how had dredging helped manage the Somerset Levels future flood risk
8km of the River Tone and River Parratt have been dredged lex removing 130000 cubic metres of slit, increased the rivers’ capacities
how has drainage management and drainage been improved after Somerset Levels floods
- Culverts have been added under roads
- some roads raised
- sustainable Drainage Systems guidance for those developing in urban areas
how is Somerset better preparing for high sea levels and tides contributing to flood risk
a tidal barrier will be built at Bridgewater by 2024
how many homes and businesses would the Bridgewater tidal barrier potentially protect (Somerset Levels)
11300 homes and 1500 businesses
how has Somerset Riders Authority helped increases community and business resilience
providing information and support (guides, websites) to communities and businesses to lower the risk of future flood events
when did Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines
7th November 2013
how strong was Typhoon Haiyan
category 5 super typhoon
what were the sustained (10 minute) wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity
230 km/h (145 mph)
what were the sustained (1 minute) wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity
315 km/h (195 mph)
on average how large were the storm surges caused by Typhoon Haiyan
over 5 metres
deaths Typhoon Haiyan
6352
how many fishing boats were destroyed
30000
how many people displaced due to Typhoon Haiyan
over 600,000
how many homes damaged or destroyed in Typhoon Haiyan
40,000
how much of the city of Tacloban was destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan
90% of the city
as well as storm surges, what were the other primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan
- heavy winds damaging infrastructure
- heavy rain (over 400mm) causing flooding
how many people affected by Typhoon Haiyan
14 million people
how many people lost their source of income due to Typhoon Haiyan
6 million
how did Typhoon Haiyan affect health
- big shortages of food, water and shelter
- outbreak of disease because of poor sanitation conditions in shelters and lots of dead bodies
how long was power out in some places after Typhoon Haiyan
up to a month
what other effects did flooding have after Typhoon Haiyan
it targeted landslides, which blocked roads and slowed relief efforts
what slowed down the distribution of aid after Typhoon Haiyan
major disruptions to flights and ferry services, making it difficult to reach remote communities
how did Typhoon Haiyan affect crime
looting and violence broke out in Tacloban
how did international aid organisations respond to Typhoon Haiyan
brought food, water, aid supplies and temporary shelter to support those affected
how did the Philippines Red Cross prepare for Typhoon Haiyan
pre-positioned emergency supplies ahead of the typhoon so that they could distribute quickly after the typhoon hit
how many people did the Red Cross supply clean water to after Typhonn Haiyan
1.1 million
how did Canada and the US respond to Typhoon Haiyan
deployed military aircrafts to assist with search and rescue and supply distribution
how did France, Belgium and Israel immediately respond to Typhoon Haiyan
set up field hospitals to help the injured
how many evacuation centres were set up after Typhoon Haiyan
1200
how did the UNDP support locals whilst also funding the clean up process after Typhoon Haiyan
set up cash-for-work schemes which paid villagers to clear debris and medical waste
how was the risk of disease outbreaks limited in the long-term
polio and measles vaccines were given to children in a mass immunisation program
what was the “built back better” strategy implemented by the Philippines government and how successful has it been
- a scheme for 205,000 homes to be rebuilt away from high risk coastal areas
- in 2016, only 1% of the target had been achieved
how have fishing and agricultural sectors recovered from Typhoon Haiyan in the long term
- rushing bots donated by organisations like Oxfam supported the fishing sector
- rice farming was quickly estabilised but coconut farming is taking longer as trees take years to grow
what have environmental organisations been doing in the long-term after Typhoon Haiyan
protecting and replanting mangrove forests, which are important for fishing and act as a barrier against storm surfers
how much money will be spent on Somerset Levels 20 year plan
£100 million
social impacts of Somerset levels
- 600 homes flooded
- 16 farms evacuated
economic impacts of Somerset levels
- 1000 livestock evacuated
- railway lines closed
environmental impacts of Somerset levels
- contaminated river water with sewage and oil
- debris deposited on land
