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Geography > Earthquakes in Chile and Nepal and Typhoon Haiyan > Flashcards

Earthquakes in Chile and Nepal and Typhoon Haiyan Flashcards

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1
Q

how does Nepal and Chile differ in terms of wealth

A
  • Chile (38th) has higher GDP than Nepal (109th)
  • Chile has higher level of development than Nepal
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2
Q

Chile earthquake date

A

17th February 2010

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3
Q

magnitude of Chile earthquake

A

8.8 on Richter scale

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4
Q

Nepal earthquake date

A

25th April 2015

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5
Q

magnitude of Nepal earthquake

A

7.9 on Richter scale

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6
Q

deaths of Chile earthquake

A

500

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7
Q

injured Chile earthquake

A

12,000

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8
Q

how many people affected by Chile earthquake

A

around 800,000

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9
Q

effects of Chile earthquake on buildings and infrastructure

A
  • 22,000 homes destroyed
  • 4,500 schools destroyed
  • 56 hospitals destroyed
  • 53 ports destroyed
  • Santiago airport damaged
  • Electricity, water and communications cut off
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10
Q

estimated cost of Chile earthquake

A

$30 billion

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11
Q

secondary effects of Chile earthquake

A
  • landslides (damaged 1500km of roads)
  • tsunami (hit coastal areas of Chile)
  • fire broke (e.g fire in chemical plant outside Santiago)
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12
Q

deaths of Nepal earthquake

A

9,000

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13
Q

injured Nepal earthquake

A

20,000

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14
Q

how many people affected by Nepal earthquake

A

over 8 million (1/3 of Nepal population)

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15
Q

how many homeless Nepal earthquake

A

3 million

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16
Q

schools destroyed Nepal earthquake

A

7000

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17
Q

shops destroyed Nepal earthquake
affect population

A

50% destroyed, limited food supply, affected people’s sources of incomes

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18
Q

how many in urgent need for food water and shelter after Nepal earthquake

A

1.4 million

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19
Q

estimated cost of Nepal earthquake

A

$5 billion

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20
Q

secondary effects of Nepal earthquake

A

landslides and avalanches triggered, blocked rivers and flooded areas and blocked roads

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21
Q

death of avalanche Mount Everest triggered by Nepal earthquake

A

19

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22
Q

what did Chile do to find and help survivors after earthquake

A
  • deployed search and rescue teams, search for survivors
  • made temporary field hospitals to care for them
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23
Q

what repairs, carried out immediately, used in Chile to help with relief efforts

A

road repairs so highways which connect to the capital, Santiago, to the rest of country

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24
Q

temporary shelter built after Chile earthquake for homeless

A
  • 5,000 at first
  • enough money raised to build 30,000
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25
Q

how quickly was power and water restored in Chile after earthquake

A

restored to 90% of homes in 10 days

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26
Q

how much money was raised after Chile earthquake

A

$60 million

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27
Q

did Chile rely on foreign aid in long-term

A

not really because of Chile’s strong economy and preparedness

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28
Q

how did Nepal source relief supplies immediately after earthquake

A
  • replied heavily on international aid from areas such as China, India and UK
  • these countries supplied medical support and essential supplies
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29
Q

how much was raised internationally after Nepal earthquake

A

over £87 million in donations alone

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30
Q

what did Nepal use for search and rescue and support

A

helicopters, used for survivors and reach those trapped from landslides and avalanches

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31
Q

how and why were tents so heavily relied upon after Nepal earthquake

A

half a million tents supplied and used for shelter for homeless, classrooms and temporary hospitals

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32
Q

how many people immediately fled Kathmandu after earthquake

A

300,000

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33
Q

how was social media used immediately after Nepal earthquake

A

used to allow to mark themselves as safe and let family members know they were out of danger

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34
Q

how did Nepal respond to damaged and destroyed buildings in long-term

A
  • in 2019, about 3/4 homes rebuilt
  • government introduced stricter building codes
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35
Q

what issues because of landslides did Nepal have to respond to in the long-term

A
  • lakes formed by landslides needed to be drained and cleared so rivers could return to normal
  • roads had to be repaired after damaged by landslides
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36
Q

long-term responses to Mount Everest routes

A

roads repaired and avalanches cleared by British Army

37
Q

when was last severe flooding event on the Somerset Levels

A

2014

38
Q

3 main causes of Somerset Levels floods

A
  • high rainfall levels due to many depressions from the Atlantic
  • soil was saturated and water had nowhere to go
  • lack of dredging reduced river capacity
39
Q

how much rain fell in January and February, how high above average rainfall (Somerset Levels)

A

350mm (100mm above average)

40
Q

how many homes flooded (Somerset Levels)

A

over 600

41
Q

how many farms evacuated (Somerset Levels)

A

16

42
Q

why were some people left stranded (Somerset Levels)

A

some villages (Moorland, Muchelney) were completely cut of by flood water

43
Q

what was estimated cost of damage (Somerset Levels)

A

over £80 million

44
Q

how was agricultural land affected (Somerset Levels)

A
  • lot of agricultural land flooded
  • over 1400 ha of agricultural land was underwater for 3-4 weeks
45
Q

how many livestock had to be evacuated from farms (Somerset Levels)

A

over 1000

46
Q

how were transport links affected (Somerset Levels)

A

many roads were flooded and inaccessible and the Bristol to Taunton railway line was closed at Bridgewater

47
Q

how did floods affect the environment (Somerset Levels)

A

floodwater transported sewage, chemical and debris to other areas and affected the Levels ecosystems

48
Q

how was stagnant water dealt with after floods (Somerset Levels)

A

water had to be reoxygenated before being pumped back into rivers

49
Q

how did warnings limit the effects of the floods (Somerset Levels)

A

weather and flood warnings communicated to residents that there was a danger to life and they should evacuate

50
Q

how did temporary flood defences help to manage flood (Somerset Levels)

A

temporary barriers and sandbags helped limit flood water reaching homes to a certain extent

51
Q

what is the 20 year plan that aims to manage and reduce flood risk (Somerset Levels)

A
  • turning temporary pumping stations into permanent ones
  • regular dredging of the rivers Parrett and Tone
  • building a tidal barrage at Bridgewater
  • widening the River Sowy’s channel
52
Q

how had dredging helped manage the Somerset Levels future flood risk

A

8km of the River Tone and River Parratt have been dredged lex removing 130000 cubic metres of slit, increased the rivers’ capacities

53
Q

how has drainage management and drainage been improved after Somerset Levels floods

A
  • Culverts have been added under roads
  • some roads raised
  • sustainable Drainage Systems guidance for those developing in urban areas
54
Q

how is Somerset better preparing for high sea levels and tides contributing to flood risk

A

a tidal barrier will be built at Bridgewater by 2024

55
Q

how many homes and businesses would the Bridgewater tidal barrier potentially protect (Somerset Levels)

A

11300 homes and 1500 businesses

56
Q

how has Somerset Riders Authority helped increases community and business resilience

A

providing information and support (guides, websites) to communities and businesses to lower the risk of future flood events

57
Q

when did Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines

A

7th November 2013

58
Q

how strong was Typhoon Haiyan

A

category 5 super typhoon

59
Q

what were the sustained (10 minute) wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity

A

230 km/h (145 mph)

60
Q

what were the sustained (1 minute) wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan at its peak intensity

A

315 km/h (195 mph)

61
Q

on average how large were the storm surges caused by Typhoon Haiyan

A

over 5 metres

62
Q

deaths Typhoon Haiyan

A

6352

63
Q

how many fishing boats were destroyed

A

30000

64
Q

how many people displaced due to Typhoon Haiyan

A

over 600,000

65
Q

how many homes damaged or destroyed in Typhoon Haiyan

A

40,000

66
Q

how much of the city of Tacloban was destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan

A

90% of the city

67
Q

as well as storm surges, what were the other primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • heavy winds damaging infrastructure
  • heavy rain (over 400mm) causing flooding
68
Q

how many people affected by Typhoon Haiyan

A

14 million people

69
Q

how many people lost their source of income due to Typhoon Haiyan

A

6 million

70
Q

how did Typhoon Haiyan affect health

A
  • big shortages of food, water and shelter
  • outbreak of disease because of poor sanitation conditions in shelters and lots of dead bodies
71
Q

how long was power out in some places after Typhoon Haiyan

A

up to a month

72
Q

what other effects did flooding have after Typhoon Haiyan

A

it targeted landslides, which blocked roads and slowed relief efforts

73
Q

what slowed down the distribution of aid after Typhoon Haiyan

A

major disruptions to flights and ferry services, making it difficult to reach remote communities

74
Q

how did Typhoon Haiyan affect crime

A

looting and violence broke out in Tacloban

75
Q

how did international aid organisations respond to Typhoon Haiyan

A

brought food, water, aid supplies and temporary shelter to support those affected

76
Q

how did the Philippines Red Cross prepare for Typhoon Haiyan

A

pre-positioned emergency supplies ahead of the typhoon so that they could distribute quickly after the typhoon hit

77
Q

how many people did the Red Cross supply clean water to after Typhonn Haiyan

A

1.1 million

78
Q

how did Canada and the US respond to Typhoon Haiyan

A

deployed military aircrafts to assist with search and rescue and supply distribution

79
Q

how did France, Belgium and Israel immediately respond to Typhoon Haiyan

A

set up field hospitals to help the injured

80
Q

how many evacuation centres were set up after Typhoon Haiyan

A

1200

81
Q

how did the UNDP support locals whilst also funding the clean up process after Typhoon Haiyan

A

set up cash-for-work schemes which paid villagers to clear debris and medical waste

82
Q

how was the risk of disease outbreaks limited in the long-term

A

polio and measles vaccines were given to children in a mass immunisation program

83
Q

what was the “built back better” strategy implemented by the Philippines government and how successful has it been

A
  • a scheme for 205,000 homes to be rebuilt away from high risk coastal areas
  • in 2016, only 1% of the target had been achieved
84
Q

how have fishing and agricultural sectors recovered from Typhoon Haiyan in the long term

A
  • rushing bots donated by organisations like Oxfam supported the fishing sector
  • rice farming was quickly estabilised but coconut farming is taking longer as trees take years to grow
85
Q

what have environmental organisations been doing in the long-term after Typhoon Haiyan

A

protecting and replanting mangrove forests, which are important for fishing and act as a barrier against storm surfers

86
Q

how much money will be spent on Somerset Levels 20 year plan

A

£100 million

87
Q

social impacts of Somerset levels

A
  • 600 homes flooded
  • 16 farms evacuated
88
Q

economic impacts of Somerset levels

A
  • 1000 livestock evacuated
  • railway lines closed
89
Q

environmental impacts of Somerset levels

A
  • contaminated river water with sewage and oil
  • debris deposited on land

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