Urban Issues And Challenges

Question 1

What is urbanisation?

Answer 1

The increase in population of people living in urban areas.

Question 2

What was the timeline of urbanisation in the world?

Answer 2

1900; 12 millionaire cities
1980; 83 millionaire cities
2008; over 400 millionaire cities
2010; 6% rise or urbanisation in HICs. 13% rise in LICS

Question 3

What is the GNI?

Answer 3

Amount of money per person. However, assumes wealth is shared equally.

Question 4

What 3 ways can the economy of countries be measured?

Answer 4

GNI
PPP
% employed in different sectors

Question 5

How does % employed in different sectors differ?

Answer 5

HICs: few employed in primary industries- few can produce lots of food
LICs: rely heavily on subsistence agriculture

Question 6

What is PPP?

Answer 6

Compares what can be bought with the same amount in different countries.

Question 7

What is the demographic transition model?

Answer 7

Shows development of countries.
LICs: stage 2
NEEs: stage 3
HICs: stage 4

Question 8

What are some social development indicators?

Answer 8

Birth rate (contraception, gov. Policies)
Death rate (healthcare, conditions)
Literacy rate (education system, gender equality)

Question 9

What are 3 causes of uneven development?

Answer 9

1. Uk is an island- enables trade around world and colonisation. Could trade raw materials and slaves
2. Poor climate- fewer natural resources. Food only for consumption no surplus for trade
3. Debt- large loan repayments mean less invested into own economies

Question 10

What are some consequences of uneven development?

Answer 10

25% of world are on $1.25 per day
Children more at risk of death from disease
LICs have no well developed tertiary sector
Poorly nourished -> ill -> no work -> cant buy food

Mumbai- 1mil people in squatter settlements- disease spreads easily

Question 11

What are 3 reducing the gap strategies?

Answer 11

Debt relief
Industrial development
TNC investment

Question 12

How does debt relief reduce the gap?

Answer 12

Some countries have fallen into considerable debt repaying loans with interest. Debt relief helps
In the 70s and 80s many countries borrowed money for large scale development projects
Debt relief involves cancelling owed money, allowing investment in projects

Question 13

How does industrial development reduce the development gap?

Answer 13

Increased individual wealth -> improvement in health, education and service provision (through payment of more taxes)
Brings employment opportunities in construction, manufacturing and service industries
Helps development as companies build factories ad install internet cables

Question 14

How does TNC investment reduce the development gap?

Answer 14

Rely less on exporting, and instead produce goods in many countries
Cash injected helps development
Local people; employed to build factories and offices
Investment can help other local businesses; creates more work