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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are constructive waves?

A

Swash stronger than backwash. Builds up the coast.

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2
Q

What are destructive waves?

A

Backwash stronger than swash. Erodes the coast

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3
Q

What is an example of mechanical weathering?

A

Freeze thaw weathering

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4
Q

What are the 3 steps of freeze thaw weathering?

A
  1. Water seeps into cracks and fractures in rocks
  2. Water freezes and expands 9% and wedges apart rock
  3. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles causes the rocks to break off
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5
Q

Name 3 landforms resulting from erosion

A
  1. Wave cut platform
  2. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
  3. Headlands and bays
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6
Q

Along what type of coastline are headlands and bays formed?

A

Discordant coastline- alternating hard and soft rock along coast

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7
Q

How are headlands and bays formed?

A

Soft rock erodes quicker which leaves a section (headland) jutting into the sea. The bay is more sheltered but the headland is subject to extreme erosion.

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8
Q

What types of erosion are most used in forming stacks and stumps

A

Abrasion and hydraulic action

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9
Q

What i the sequence that it takes to get to a stump?

A

Wave cut notch-> cave -> arch -> stack -> stump

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10
Q

Name 3 landforms resulting from deposition

A

Beaches
Sand dunes
Spits and bars

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11
Q

Why are beaches formed in bays?

A

Bays are sheltered and the waves have to have limited energy for disposition to build up the beach

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12
Q

How are Sandy beaches created vs pebbled beaches

A

Sandy- low energy bays

Pebbled- waves have higher energy and cliffs being eroded

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13
Q

How are spits formed?

A

Change in shape of coastline causes deposition to occur. Thin long ridge of material is deposited

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14
Q

How are bars formed?

A

Sometimes spits grow across a bay and join 2 headlands. They trap shallow lakes behind them called a lagoon

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15
Q

Name 4 types of hard engineering

A
  1. Sea walls
  2. Groynes
  3. Gabions
  4. Rock armour
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16
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

Curved concrete wall that reflects energy of waves and prevents erosion

17
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Large boulders at the base of cliffs to absorb energy and break waves

18
Q

What are gabions?

A

Rocks in mesh cages in areas affected by erosion

19
Q

What are groynes?

A

Wooden structures built at right angles that go into the sea

20
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of sea walls

A
  1. Effective at protecting cliff base
  2. Promenades for people to walk on
  3. Waves still powerful and can erode sea wall
  4. Expensive- £2000 per metre
21
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of rock armour

A
  1. Cheaper than sea walls and easy to maintain
  2. Can be used for fishing
  3. Look different to local geology
  4. Expensive to transport
22
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of gabions

A
  1. Absorb wave energy
  2. Cheap- £100 per metre
  3. Not very strong
  4. Look unnatural
23
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of groynes

A
  1. Builds beach which encourages tourism
  2. Traps sediment being transported by longshore drift
  3. Trapping sediment starves beaches farther down
  4. Look unattractive
24
Q

Give 3 types of soft engineering

A
  1. Beach nourishment
  2. Beach reprofiling
  3. Dune regeneration
25
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

Adding sand onto existing beach to build it up

26
Q

What is beach reprofiling ?

A

Sediment redistributed from lower to upper beach

27
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Adding marram grass onto sand dunes- stabilises dune and traps sand to build them up

28
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of beach nourishment

A
  1. Blends in with existing beach
  2. Larger beaches- tourism appeal
  3. Needs to be constantly repeated
  4. Sand brought in from elsewhere
29
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of beach reprofiling

A
  1. Cheap and simple
  2. Reduces energy of waves
  3. Works only when wave energy is low
  4. Needs to be constantly repeated
30
Q

Give 2 advantages + disadvantages of dune regeneration

A
  1. Quite cheap
  2. Natural looking coastline
  3. Can be damaged by storm waves
  4. Areas zoned off from public

Geography (13 decks)

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