Urban growth in LICs and NEEs Flashcards
Where is Rio de Janeiro found?
Rio De Janeiro is in the South of Brazil, in South America
Coast of the Atlantic Ocean
Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is well known around the world
Hosted the Olympics in 2016 and the World cup
Rio’s Carnival attracts 1 million people every year
1 of the 7 wonders of the world (Christ the Redeemer statue)
How many foreign tourists visit Rio De Janeiro every year
2 million
What is the population of Rio De Janeiro?
12.5 million people
How much of the countries GDP does Rio De Janeiro provide?
5%
Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is important nationally
Most visited city in Brazil
Many manufacturing industries located here
Port of Rio is important for the export of coffee, sugar and iron ore
Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is important regionally
Provides jobs
Transport hub
School, universities, hospitals
What might be some possible push factors for someone moving to the city?
There are few doctors or hospitals
Schools only provide a basic education
Desertification and other climate hazards reduce crop yields
Mechanisation of farming
What might be some possible pull factors for someone moving to the city?
There are more employment opportunities
Better medical facilities
A higher standard of living is possible
Better chance of education
What are the causes of growth in Rio De Janeiro?
Natural increase
Migration
What is Rio’s life expectancy compared to Brazil’s?
77 years (Rio) 73 (Brazil)
What is Rio’s infant mortality rates?
6.2 babies die in Rio per 1000 live births (It is 18 in Brazil)
How many hospitals are there in Rio De Janeiro?
150 however only 34% of these are public
What is Rio’s illiteracy rate compared to Alagoas?
In Rio, the illiteracy rate is 4%
In Alagoas, it is 22%
In Rio, how many primary school, secondary schools and universities are there?
1000 primary schools
400 secondary schools
6 major universities
How much of Rio De Janeiro’s population has mains water supply?
95%
This figure is 65% in rural populations
How much of Rio De Janeiro’s population have access to the power grid?
99%
What does the Simplicio hydroelectric complex do and when was it built?
It was built in 2013 and supplies the city with 30% more energy
How much of Rio’s workforce work in the informal sector?
About 1/3
How can urban industrial areas encourage development?
Attracts investment from other countries
Creates jobs and boosts income in the area and the money generated encourages development
An improving economy often means that money is re-invested back into the area for social projects such as the Favela Bairro project
Good transport infrastructure (Rio has great ports and an airport) enables companies to export to markers abroad and generate greater income
What is the multiplier effect?
A chain reaction of activities that stimulate the economy
How is tourism an economic opportunity in Rio?
Rio is the top visitor destination in South America and tourism is the city’s biggest industry
Sandy beaches of Copacabana and hot sunny climate
Annual carnival
How is Rio economically important nationally?
It is a centre of many manufacturing industries
Rio is also a major centre for banking, finance and insurance
It provides 6% of all employment in Brazil
Suggest why managing social challenges may be difficult in Rio De Janeiro?
Rio has a high population of 12.5 million therefore it can be challenging to provide healthcare and water supply to everyone
It is especially challenging to do so in slums as they are disorganised and densely populated.
This can make it difficult to provide infrastructure like electricity cables and water pipes
Furthermore, these slums are difficult to access due to the fact they have narrow roads
Another important point to consider is that Brazil is a NEE and do has a lack of resources and finances to provide social services to everyone
Describe the challenge of healthcare in Rio
In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic
Services for pregnant women were poor in some areas with only 60% getting access
What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to health care for Rio?
In inaccessible and steep parts of the city, like the Santa Marta favelas, there is poor access to medical care
Medical staff took a health kit into people’s homes and were able to detect 20 different diseases and treat them
Infant mortality fell and life expectancy increased
Describe the challenge of education in Rio
25% of the poorest children are not in school
Only half of all children continue their education beyond 14
Many drop out of school and some are forced into drug trafficking
What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to education for Rio?
Encouraging local people to volunteer to help in school
Giving school grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school
Opening a private university in Rocinha favela
Describe the challenge of water supply in Rio
37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water
What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to water supply for Rio?
Seven new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014 and over 300km of pipes were laid
Describe the challenge of energy in Rio
The percentage of the population with access to electricity is three times higher than in the countryside
The whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to shortage of electricity
Electricity in poorer parts of Rio is often obtained by illegally tapping into the main supply (risky and unsafe)
What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to energy for Rio?
60km of new power lines installed
New nuclear generator
Suggest reasons as to why crime may affect the economic development of Rio
Crime will have a negative impact on tourism as people may not feel that Rio is safe and therefore will not come and this means a loss of valuable revenue
Foreign investors may not come due to concerns about crime and safety. There are worries over money and goods being stolen. Furthermore, favelas are dominated by crime and so it’s hard to develop
What are some of the solutions for the unemployment problem in Rio?
The Schools of Tomorrow
Aims to improve education for young people in poor and violent areas
Courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education but want to continue their studies
What are some of the solutions for the crime problem in Rio?
In 2013 Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
Police have taken control of crime-dominated complexo do Alemao and 30 smaller favelas
What are some of the physical environmental problems in Rio?
Problems of communication across the bay
Algal blooms and eutrophication in the Lagao Roarigo Channel
Mountains limit space for building and make the development for an effective transport system difficult and costly
What are some of the human environmental problems in Rio?
Social inequality has lead to high crime levels in some areas
Smog caused by slow-moving traffic
Dereliction due to de-industrialisation of heavy industries such as steel
Describe the challenge of air pollution in Rio
Air pollution is estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year
Rio is the most congested city in South America
What are some of the causes of air pollution in Rio?
Traffic congestion:
-Steep mountains make transport routes become very congested as roads can only be built on coastal lowland
- Increasing amount of cars (+40%)
- High crime levels mean that many people prefer to travel by car
What is the impact of congestion on quality of life?
Increases stress
Wastes time for commuters and businesses
Increases pollution levels
What are some of the solutions for air pollution in Rio?
Expansion of the metro system under Guanabara Bay to South Zone and Barra de Tijuca
New toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion
Making coast roads one-way during rush hours, to improve traffic flow
Describe the challenge of water pollution in Rio
Guanabana Bay is highly polluted
The water pollution is a major threat to wildlife, particularly fish
What are some of the causes of water pollution in Rio?
Rivers are polluted from open sewers in favelas
50 tonnes of industrial waste
Ships empty fuel tanks
Oil spills from the Petrobas oil refinery
What is the impact of water pollution on quality of life?
Commercial fishing has declines by 90% in the last 20 years
Water pollution could affect Rio’s famous beaches which would damage tourism and the local economy
What are some of the solutions to water pollution in Rio?
Overseas aid has been used to reduce the amount of sewage being released into the bay
12 new sewage works- $68 million
Ships are fined for discharging fuel illegally
Describe the challenge of waste pollution in Rio
Rio produces huge amounts of waste. The worst problems are in the favelas
What is the cause of waste pollution in Rio?
Steep slopes + lack of proper roads make access difficult for lorries
Most waste is dumped and pollutes water system
What is the impact of waste pollution on quality of life in Rio?
Waste pollution can cause diseases like cholera for Rio’s residents
It is also an eyesore and not pleasant for residents, and may deter tourists from coming to the city
What are some of the solutions for waste pollution in Rio?
A power plants has been set up near the University of Rio using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish
It consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes
What is eutrophication?
When sewage pollution in a lake causes an increase in nutrients which can cause dense plant growths. This may lead to a loss of oxygen in the water
What is a squatter settlement?
It is an area of a city that is built by people on land that does not belong to them. This means they are illegal settlements
What are the challenges of Rio De Janeiro’s favelas?
Construction
Unemployment
Health
Crime
Services
Describe the challenge of construction in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas
Initially poorly constructed houses. They are now mostly build from concrete and brick
Steep slopes-In 2010, 244 people were killed and 13,000 lost their homes in a landslide
Limited road access
Describe the challenge of unemployment in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas
Unemployment rates are as high as 20%
Much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector
Describe the challenge of health in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas
Population densities of 37,000 per km
Infant mortality rates of 50 per 100
Waste can build in the street which can cause disease
Occasionally fires break out-smoke if harmful to health
Describe the challenge of crime in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas
High murder rate-20 per 1000
Drug gangs dominate many favelas
Many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption
Describe the challenge of servcies in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas
12% of homes have no running water
30% have no electricity
50% have no sewage connections
Drinking water requires several trips day day to city
What is a self help scheme?
Local authorities help the squatter settlement residents to improve their homes by offering low-interest loans or grants and skill training
What is an example of a site+service scheme in Rio?
The Favela Bairro project which started in 1995
Its aim was to improve the favelas, particularly by upgrading infrastructure and services
What are some improvements to Rocinha due to the Favela Bairro project?
Improved schools and health services
Own newspaper and radio station
90% of houses are built with brick and with electricity as well as running water and sewage systems
Paved roads
Private university
Banks, cinema, travel agent and a mcdonalds
How was the Favela Bairro project succesful?
Employment has improved-people now have a recognised address
Crime has reduced because the police now patrol this area making it safer. UPP have been used to reduce crime
Improved infrastructure- water supply and sewerage systems are put in place which improves people’s quality of life. This is because they live in a safe home and can drink clean water making them healthier
Life is improved because children can access schools and medical care giving them more opportunities in the future. Also leisure facilities like cinemas
Hillsides secure to prevent landslides
How was the Favela Bairro project a failure?
Its expensive. Its budget of $1 billion dollars isn’t enoigh to improve the life for everyone. Scale of challenge is too large
Rents and prices rise in improved areas and so the poorest people can’t afford to liver there
Lack of maintenance-the local authority doesn’t maintain the new roads an service, so they may become dangerous and derelict over time
Residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs
