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Geography > Tectonic hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

It is when a natural event has the potential to endanger lives, the economy and property

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2
Q

What is a hazard risk?

A

A hazard risk is the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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3
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

It is when a natural event does cause damage or does impact on people and their lives

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4
Q

What are atmospheric hazards?

A

It is created in the atmosphere by the movement of air and water

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5
Q

What is a geological hazard?

A

It is created by the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plate

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6
Q

What is a hydrological hazard?

A

It is created by rivers, sea and oceans

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7
Q

What are some factors increasing the risk from natural hazards?

A

Climate change
Urbanisation
Farming
Poverty

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8
Q

How does climate change increase the risk from natural hazard?

A

Warmer temperatures mean more evaporation and this means more flooding

1 degree Celsius equals 7% more moisture in the atmosphere. Warmer temps mean more energy in the atmosphere

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9
Q

How does urbanisation increase the risk from natural hazard?

A

55% of the world’s population live in urban areas. High populations in places mean more people are vulnerable to hazard risks

Impermeable surfaces increase risk from flooding

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10
Q

How does farming increase the risk from natural hazard?

A

Farmers live on flood-plains which are vulnerable to flooding

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11
Q

How does poverty increase the risk from natural hazard?

A

Poorer people live in high risk areas such as slums on steep slopes or bases of volcanoes and are therefore more vulnerable to hazards

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12
Q

What are the types of plate margins?

A

Destructive subduction plate boundary
Destructive collision plate boundary
Conservative plate boundary

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13
Q

How do faults form?

A

The Earth’s crust is constantly under pressure from forces within and around it. this pressure builds up over time and eventually causes the crust to break and this then becomes a fault

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14
Q

Why do people choose to live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards?

A

People may not be aware of the risks

People in poverty are more concerned about basic needs

They don’t happen that often

Benefits such as fertile soils and geothermal energy

Monitoring allows for advance warning

Better building designs

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15
Q

What is meant by monitoring?

A

Using scientific equipment to detect signs of events such as volcanic eruptions

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16
Q

What is meant by prediction?

A

Using historical evidence and monitoring to make predictions about when and where a tectonic hazard may occur

17
Q

What is meant by protection?

A

Designing building/structures that will withstand tectonic hazards and their associated hazards eg educating people

18
Q

What is meant by planning?

A

Identifying and avoiding places most at risk; devising emergency action in the event of hazard

19
Q

How can you monitor for volcanic eruptions?

A

Use tiltmeters and GPS satellites to detect changing ground condition

Thermal heat sensors detect rising temps

Seismometers detect earthquakes which often precede an eruption

20
Q

How can you predict volcanic eruptions?

A

Scientist’s can monitor tectonic activity and warn/evacuate people

21
Q

How can you protect people and buildings from volcanic eruptions?

A

It is very difficult to do much to protect building and people

Designated volcano shelters
Possible to divert lava
Educating people

22
Q

How can you plan for future volcanic eruptions?

A

Hazard mapping - map the typical direction of lava flows

Plan the emergency response and help communities to respond to and recover from disasters

23
Q

How can you monitor for earthquakes?

A

Use seismometers to detect shaking

Use strain gauges to detect levels of stress in rocks

Use GPS satellites to detect movement in the ground

Looking out for strange animal behaviour

24
Q

How can you predict earthquakes?

A

Earthquakes are difficult to predict as they generally occur without warning despite all the monitoring that takes place

There may be some signs just before an earthquake hits

25
Q

How can you be protected from earthquakes?

A

Strict building regulations-cross bracing, damper systems, shock absorbers

Retrofitting buildings (modifying and strengthening buildings) eg shatter proof glass

Text message alerts

Educating people-regular earthquakes drills (Japan 1st September)

26
Q

How can you plan for future earthquakes?

A

Hazard mapping-map the areas which are more vulnerable to shaking.

Plan the emergency response

27
Q

How many people died/were injured in the Nepal Earthquake (2015)

A

9000 dead 20,000 injured

19 people died due to avalanches

28
Q

How many people died/were injured in the Christchurch Earthquake (2011)

A

481 dead 2000 injured

29
Q

How powerful was the Nepal Earthquake (2015) on the Richter scale?

A

7.9

30
Q

How powerful was the Christchurch Earthquake (2011) on the Richter scale?

A

6.3

31
Q

How many people were left homeless after the Nepal Earthquake?

A

3 million

32
Q

How deep was the focus of the Nepal Earthquake compared to the Christchurch earthquake?

A

15km (Nepal)

5km (Christchurch)

33
Q

What were some of the primary and secondary effects that followed after the Nepal earthquake?

A

Landslides

$5 billion damage

500,000 tents for homeless people.

Financial aid+search rescue teams from other countries

Stricter building codes.

Blockade at Indian border affected supplies of fuel and materials

34
Q

What were some of the primary and secondary effects that followed after the Christchurch earthquake?

A

People affected mentally and needed support. Loss of income and jobs.

Rescue teams from all around the world

State of national emergency

Government provided temporary houses. NGOs helped

Geography (16 decks)

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