Geography paper 1 questions Flashcards
Explain how volcanic activity and orbital changes can cause climate change. (4 marks)
- Volcanic ash can block out the Sun
- This reduces temperatures on Earth. This tends to be a short-term impact
- The Earth’s tilt affects the seasons so a greater tilt would extend seasons, a lesser tilt would shorten them
- This also means that some regions of the world experience very long days and very long nights
Explain how planting trees and using renewable energy can mitigate climate change. (4 marks)
- Trees remove CO2 by photosynthesis
- Release moisture into the air (cooling effect+reduces solar radiation)
- Renewable energy sources do not emit CO2 (absorbs heat)
- eg. Hydro-electricity and nuclear energy
Explain the formation of a tropical storm. (4 marks)
Sun sends incoming solar radiation to Earth which warms our oceans to 27°C
This causes warm air to rise. This gives low pressure at the centre of the storm
This air cools as it rises causing condensation to occur, clouds to form and rain to occur
Some cooled air sinks back down helping to create the eye
Air rushes in from higher pressure areas outside of the storm to lower pressure areas at the centre of the storm creating winds
The whole storm rotates because of the Earth’s spin (Coriolis effect)
Explain how human activity can lead to an increase in climate change. (4 marks)
Burning fossil fuels-release greenhouse gases
Deforestation and burning of wood
Decaying organic matter in landfill sites and compost tips-methane
Explain how the effects of tectonic hazards vary between areas of contrasting wealth. (6 marks)
Effects in LIC countries are more profound
- Nepal (2015) 9000 people died and 3 million left homeless
- This is due to them not having enough money to prepare like building better buildings etc
Effects in HIC countries are less extreme
- Christchurch (2011) earthquake 481 died
- They have better prediction equipment due to them having more money
Explain how plate boundaries can cause tectonic hazards. (6 marks)
Destructive plate margin
- Between oceanic and continental when moving towards each other(eg Nazca plate and South American)
- When the more dense oceanic crust subducts the continental crust, it creates strong earthquakes.
- Can also form steep sided volcanoes
Conservative margin
- Two plates are moving past each other
- eg San Andreas Fault and Pacific plate
- Earthquakes happen as stresses gradually build up over many years
- These are released when plates suddenly slip and shift
Explain how we can mitigate and adapt to climate change. (6 marks)
Carbon capture and storage
- Carbon gas is captured and compressed
- Transported by pipeline to an inject well to be stored in suitable geological reservoirs
Alternative energy sources
-Hydro-electricity, nuclear power, solar, wind and tidal power
Planting trees
- Trees act as carbon sinks, removing CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis
- Moisture released has cooling effect
Choose either an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. Assess the extent to which primary effects are more significant than secondary effects. Use an example that you have studied. (9 marks)
Nepal
- primary: 9000 died and 20,000 injured
- secondary: avalanche killed 19
- 1.4 million people needed food, water and shelter
- Landslide were triggered, slowing down relief efforts
- hospitals were overwhelmed
- avalanche left 250 missing
Assess the extent that prediction is the most important factor in reducing the effects of tropical storms. (9 marks)
Yes
- National hurricane centre in Miami in North Atlantic
- hurricane watch/hurricane warning
- can be used to warn people to get into shelter
No
- Protection
- For example, in Bangladesh 2000 cyclone shelters have been built
- Strong concrete and built on stilts in case of floods
- Place where people can go to when a storm in predicted
No
- Planning
- USA-National Hurricane Preparedness week.
- Make action plans and educating about dangers
- Raises awareness and people then know what to do in the event of a tropical storm
To what extent are immediate responses more important that long term responses when dealing with tectonic hazards? (9 marks)
s
Evaluate mitigation and adaption strategies in relation to climate change. (9 marks)
s
Explain how eco-tourism helps manage the rainforest sustainably. (4 marks)
Ecotourism allows tourists a safe and sustainable way to explore the rainforest
For example, tourist leaders can guide the along paths that have already been made to ensure the rainforest itself does not get damaged
Economic advantages
Tourists spend money
This money is spent to by the government and the local community to sustainably manage the rainforest
Explain the role of producers in an ecosystem. (4 marks)
Producers convert energy from the environment (mainly sunlight) into sugars (glucose)
The most obvious producers are plants that convert energy from the sun by photosynthesis
Explain how a small scale ecosystem you have studied can be affected by local change. (4 marks)
Explain how energy gets into and moves around an ecosystem. (4 marks)
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Explain how animals and vegetation adapt to a cold environment. (6 marks)
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Explain how deforestation can have social and economic impacts. (6 marks)
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Evaluate the impacts of rainforest deforestation. (6 marks)
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Explain how the rainforest can be sustainably managed. (6 marks)
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To what extent do cold environments provide opportunities for economic development? (9 marks)
s
For a hot desert environment or a cold environment you have studied, assess the importance of management strategies used to reduce the risk of environmental damage. (9 marks)
- Lines have been raised
- So the permafrost doesn’t melt
- Trans-Alaskan pipeline
To what extent are cold environments at risk from human activity? (9 marks)
- Mineral extraction
- main economic activity but green house gases
- damage the environment and landscape
- Fishing
- Could over fish
- Tourism
- In 2011, 70,000 people visited Longyearbyen and 30000 were cruise passengers
To what extent can cold environments be successfully managed? (9 marks)
s
Explain a floodplain forms. (4 marks)
s
Explain how soft engineering (or hard engineering) can prevent flooding. (4 marks)
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Explain how a meander changes over time. (4 marks)
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Explain how a landform is created by erosion. (6 marks) (Oxbow Lakes)
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Explain how a landform is created by erosion. (6 marks) (Waterfalls)
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Evaluate hard engineering (or soft) strategies in preventing flooding. (6 marks)
Hard
Assess the physical and human causes of flooding. (6 marks)
Physical
- Precipitation can lead to sudden flash floods as river channels cannot contain all the water
- Geology (rock type) impermeable rocks like shales and clays cause surface run off
- Steep slopes
Human
- Urbanisation-Tarmac roads, concrete driveways and slate roofs. Makes flooding more likely
- Deforestation-No infiltration and temporary storage. More surface run off
Evaluate a river management scheme you have studied. (6 marks)
S
Assess how rivers’ hydrographs can look different after the same amount of rainfall. (6 marks)
S
Typhoon Haiyan primary and secondary effects
Primary
6300 dead
600,000 displaced
400mm of rain-flooding
Secondary
6 million people lost their main source of income
Power supplies were disrupted for a month
Due to lack of food, water, shelter and sanitation, disease broke out
Typhoon Haiyan short term and long term responses
Short term
International government and aid agencies responded with food aid and water
British government gave out shelter kits
Philippines Red Cross gave out basic food aid: rice, cooking oil and canned foods
Long term
More cyclone shelters were built near coastal areas
UN and other countries provided financial aid and supplies
Cash for Work schemes to help get rid of debris
Somerset Levels floods cause
Ground was already saturated (wettest January since records began). 100mm over average
Rivers had not been dredged for at least 20 years-filled with sediment
Storm surges and high tides
Somerset Levels social impacts
600 homes flooded
Power supplies cut off
Villages such as Moorland and Muchelney cut off. This effected people’s daily lives
Somerset Levels economic impacts
£10 million dollar damage
14,000 hectares of agricultural land under water for 3-4 weeks
Somerset Levels environmental impacts
Stagnant water that had been collected for month had to be reoxygenated before being pumped back into rivers
Floodwaters were heavily contaminated with sewage and other pollutants
Somerset Levels immediate responses
Villages used boats to go shopping or attend school
Local community groups gave invaluable support
Somerset Levels long term responses
Vulnerable communities will have flood defences
River banks are being raised and strengthened and more pumping stations will be built
£20 million flood action plan has been launched by county council
