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Geography > Urban change in the UK and urban sustainability > Flashcards

Urban change in the UK and urban sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

How much of the UK live in towns and cities?

A

82%

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2
Q

Describe the location of London

A

Major city in the northern hemispshere

NW Europe

Located in SE England on the River Thames

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3
Q

Describe the importance of London

A

Major financial centre in the world

UK’s largest and wealthiest city

Headquarters of many international and national companies

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4
Q

How has migration impacted the character of London socially?

A

There are over 300 languages spoken in London, more that in any other city in the world

A more youthful population. London’s median age is 35.6 in comparison to the UK’s 40.3 median age

London has a diverse range of religions with 48.4% Christian, 20.7% atheist, 12.4% Muslims and 5% Hindu

A greater understanding and experience of different cultures. For example, Chinatown in London was established in the late 1960s and is full of restaurants, shops and cultural buildings

40% of London’s NHS workers are immigrants

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5
Q

How has migration impacted the character of London economically?

A

The economic value generated by London’s 1.8m migrant workers is £83bn per year

Migrants are paying taxes-more money for the economy

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6
Q

What is an integrated transport system?

A

All of the different forms of transport can link to one another

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7
Q

To what extent does London have an integrated transport system - give specific details

A

London has an integrated transport system to a strong extent.

For example, many trains and buses stop at major international airports like Heathrow and Gatwick and link these to places like Kings Cross

In addition, London commuters can travel on most forms of transport using an oyster cards which can easily be topped up at stations, stores or online

London also has the London Overground and Underground, buses and the Docklands Light Railway

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8
Q

What is urban greening?

A

To increase the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city. It is essential for people’s quality of life

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9
Q

How does London provide for urban greening?

A

Rooftop green spaces

Green spaces for public

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10
Q

Define cultural mix

A

Coexistence of different cultures at the same place at the same time

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11
Q

Define multiculturalism

A

Refers to a country or place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity

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12
Q

What are some advantages of London’s cultural mix?

A

Exposure to other languages, religions and cultural parties

Highlights what broadly tolerant and liberal the citizens of London are

Skilled migrants can fill gaps in economy and services

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13
Q

What are some challenges of London’s cultural mix?

A

Ghettos

Language-many services need to provide translators

Some ethnic groups are targeted for attacks and hate crimes

Hostility can rise from segregation

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14
Q

Describe recreation and entertainment within London?

A

West end-lots of shows

Tourist attractions: Buckingham palace and Houses of Parliament

Lots of concert and cinema venues

Many big name football teams

Hosted the Olympics

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15
Q

List the top 3 reasons to live in London because of employment opportunities

A

Largest contributor to the country

Houses a major world financial centre and a range of business specialisms

In 2010, London contributed 22% of economy

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16
Q

Describe economic change in London

A

Traditional manufacturing industries have declined

New industries such as finance and services have emerged

London Docklands have transformed into financial and business centre

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17
Q

How has London’s population changed and grown?

A

37% of London’s population were born outside the UK

Brick lane in Tower Hamlets is home to the Bangladeshi community

Population of London has grown to over 8 million

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18
Q

Use a case study of a major UK city to assess the extent to which urban change has created social and economic opportunities

A

Intro:

  • Capital city
  • Significant urban changes
  • Created social and economic opportunities

Para 1:

  • Social (cultural mix)
  • Population has become ethnically diverse
  • Exposure to different languages and religions

Para 2:

  • Economic (economic change)
  • Largest contributor to economy
  • Major financial centre

Para 3:

  • Economic (urban development)
  • Shopping centres and stadiums
  • More jobs and economic opportunities
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19
Q

What is urban decline?

A

It is the deterioration of parts of the inner city often caused by closure of industry, lack of investment and maintenance

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20
Q

What is the effect of urban decline?

A

Decline in population numbers (out-migration)

Shops and business close down

Unemployment

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21
Q

What is urban deprivation?

A

Part of the city which lacks things that are essential for a decent life including work, money, housing and services

22
Q

How has urban change created socio-economic challenges in London? (health)

A

Life expectancy is high in rich areas such as the centre of London and Canary Wharf but low in places like Prince Regent

In Canary Wharf, Life expectancy is 89 and in Prince Regent it is 76

People who are rich can afford better food, healthcare and overall a better life

New urban development in areas such as Canary Wharf causes inequality

23
Q

How is creating greenspace a key feature of sustainable living?

A

Improves air quality and reduces and flooding by absorbing rain water provides a place for recreation

24
Q

How is water conservation a key feature of sustainable living?

A

Management of water resources and prevention of pollution

25
Q

How is public transport a key feature of sustainable living?

A

Reduces need for cars and therefore reduces carbon footprint

26
Q

How is waste recycling a key feature of sustainable living?

A

Reduces landfill waste

Reduces demand for resources

27
Q

How is energy conservation a key feature of sustainable living?

A

Reduce the use of fossil fuels which reduces carbon emission

28
Q

East village, Stratford (Newham, London) background information

A

East Village is a housing development which was built to house the athletes for the London Olympics in 2012

Converted into use as a new residential area

Example of sustainable urban community in London

29
Q

Example of green space (urban greening) in East village

A

10 hectares of parkland with hundreds of planted trees and ponds

-This encourage wildlife and helps to purify the air. It also reduced flooding

Green roofs on top of apartment blocks

30
Q

Example of waste recycling in East village

A

Borough council collects recycling

31
Q

Example of energy conservation in East village

A

A combined heat and power system generates electricity using biomass (renewable)

The heat from the power station provides hot water for the village.

Blocks have efficient insulation-retains heat

Energy use is 30% less than an average urban area

32
Q

Example of water conservation in East village

A

Rainwater is collected and water is recycled known as ‘grey water’: used for flushing toilets and watering gardens.

This conserves the best quality water for drinking

Water use is 50% less than an average urban area

33
Q

Example of transport in East village

A

Local bus service and trains connect to London Underground.

Stratford International provides a fast route to central London and Europe

Good cycling and walking routes encourage people out of their cars

34
Q

Other features of sustainable urban communities in East village

A

A school and a health centre

Shops and services are run by small, independent business, helping to keep money in the local economy and avoid the need to shop elsewhere.

Half of the homes are rented at lower rates so that ordinary people in East village can afford them

35
Q

What are the advantages of brownfield sites?

A

The sites are closer to the city centre for shopping and job opportunities

It is easier to gain planning permission as councils are keen to reuse brownfield sites

Road networks already exits as do electricity and gas networks, although these may need updating

They stop urban sprawl (the city expanding) which stops the loss the countryside and reduces journey times as the city is more compact

It is more sustainable as existing developing land has been used before

36
Q

What are the advantages of greenfield sites?

A

Existing road networks are not in place so they don’t restrict planning

Planners and architects have a blank canvas to work with

They are often on the edges of cities where land is cheaper

More space is available for gardens

The rural-urban fringe is more appealing to house buyers and businesses

Sites on the edge of the city are often close to major motorways providing great access

37
Q

What is the definition of Decentralisation?

A

Moving offices away from the city centre to the outskirts

38
Q

How is air pollution an environmental challenge in London?

A

It is better than it was in the mid 20th century

The main problems today are vehicle emissions and heating systems

Made worse by dense road network and tall buildings that trap air in between them

Nearly 9,500 people die each year because of air pollution

3/4 of UK postcodes with the worst pollution ratings are in London

39
Q

What is a solution to air pollution?

A 
Congestion charge (£11.50)
-Reduces traffics

London low emission zone

  • discourages diesel cards
  • reduces echaust gas emissions

London cycle superhighway (2008)

Boris bikes/Santander cycles
-Public bike hire

40
Q

How is waste pollution an environmental challenge in London?

A

London produces huge amounts of waste

The average household recycling rate for the city in London was 32%-the lowest in England

41
Q

What is a solution to waste pollution?

A

London waste management strategy

  • To achieve zero waste to Landfill 2025
  • Increase recycling, reusing, repairing
  • Generate energy from London’s organic waste
42
Q

How is visual pollution an environmental challenge?

A

There is a great pressure for land to build on in London

Developers are often using greenfield sites on edge of city-urban sprawl

Brownfield sites are often unsightly and a sign of urban decline

43
Q

What is the definition of dereliction?

A

When buildings have been abandoned and become dilapidated

44
Q

What are some causes of urban sprawl?

A

Decentralisation of offices
Transport changes
New industry and business districts/out-of-town shopping centre
Housing development

45
Q

What are some environmental impacts of urban sprawl?

A

Increased need for cars to travel long distances to work means that there is more traffic and congestion on the roads and more pollution

Modern housing estates, retail parks and supermarkets are built in commuter towns which changed the look and feel of the area

The increase in traffic and transport can cause noise and visual pollution

More built surfaces on previously green land means that floods are more likely because the rain cannot soak into the ground

46
Q

What are some social impacts of urban sprawl?

A

The character of the rural community is lost as commuter towns start to bring city-living style living to the commuter towns

47
Q

What are some economic impacts of urban sprawl?

A

Providing public transport for people to commute to the city is costly

Commuter towns can be like ‘ghost towns’ during the day as all the workers leave to work in the city. This means that there is no one to use the services and shops

City workers tend to earn more money than the original residents in commuter towns. This means that house prices increase as people selling houses sell to the richer city workers. This means the original residents can’t afford homes there

48
Q

Characteristics of commuter settlements

A

Young population
Empty during weekdays
Less of a community feel

49
Q

What are the negatives of traffic congestion?

A

Air pollution
Increased journey times
Higher fuel consumption
Greater risk of accidents

50
Q

Traffic congestion solutions

A

Charge more (congestion and ULEZ)

Improving public transport
-Create a fast efficient and reliable service (eg use bus lanes)

Pedestrian areas
-Reduce congestion around busy shopping areas making it safe for people

Park and ride
-Reduces congestion in city centre

Cycling

  • Create cycle pathways to encourage people to use bikes, not cars
  • Public bike hire schemes
51
Q

What is the definition of regeneration?

A

Improvement of a run-down area of a city

52
Q

What are some main features and impacts of Stratford’s regeneration?

A

Increase affordable housing (Athlete’s village was converted into houses for local people)

Improved infrastructure-transport improvements

Tackle unemployment-Westfield Shopping Centre and International Quarter has helped create thousands of jobs

Improve the environment- Contaminated land and brownfield sites were reclaimed to create new wildlife and parks

Geography (16 decks)

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