Urban Forms Flashcards
Define economic inequality
The extreme wealth gap between rich and poor in cities.
Particularly LICs.
Often found over relatively small distances eg Mumbai
Name a place that shows evidence of extreme economic inequality
Mumbai
How does Mumbai show evidence of extreme economic inequality?
Antilla:
$2 billion house of Mukesh Ambani.
27 storeys - 6 storeys of parking lots.
One of the world’s most expensive residential properties.
Byculla:
Area of slum housing.
People live on less than $2 per day.
Define social segregation
The separation / isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary means.
-> wealthy and poor seem to concentrate spatially.
Name the factors that cause wealthy and poor people to become socially segregated
Housing
Changing environments
Ethnic dimension
How does the factor of ‘housing’ cause social segregation?
- Poorer groups have less choice of which housing they can afford.
- Developers build housing on land with particular market in mind.
- Housing value affected by requirement to include a proportion of ‘affordable’ housing.
How does the factor of ‘changing environments’ cause social segregation?
• Housing neighbourhoods change over time.
Eg houses built for families in Georgian / Victorian times are too big nowadays, so many are converted into flats.
• Gentrification of poorer areas.
Eg ‘right to buy’ legislation 1980s -> improved council estates.
How does the factor of ‘ethnic dimension’ cause social segregation?
• Migrants often suffer discrimination at first.
Eg in job market , may be unemployed / low income.
-> can only afford cheap housing.
• New migrants often concentrate in poor areas of city, cluster into multicultural areas.
Define Multiple Deprivation Index (IMD)
A UK Government qualitative study to measure Deprivation at a small area level across England
How is IMD calculated?
Indices based on 37 indicators.
Organised across 7 domains of deprivation, which are combined using appropriate weights to calculate IMD.
Every neighbourhood in England is ranked according to other areas.
Name the 7 main indicators of calculating IMD
Income Employment Health / disability Education, skills, training Access to housing / services Living environment Crime
Define cultural diversity
The existence of a variety of cultural / ethnic groups within a society.
Eg nationality, age, race, traditions
Give examples of places with a wide cultural diversity
London, New York, Amsterdam.
Receive migrants from all over the world -> multicultural societies
Define diaspora
A large group of people with similar heritage / homelands who have settled elsewhere in the world.
Give an example of a place where there is a greater proportion of diasporas than indigenous residents
Dubai, UAE.
2/3 population is Asian descent.
What is the main factor causing cultural diversity?
Immigration
What are the reasons for immigration into cities?
- Employment opportunity
- First point of entry in a country
- Housed immigrants of similar ethnicity previously
- Established cultural diversity in the area
- Urban populations more tolerant of immigrants
Give advantages of cultural diversity in cities
New food
New music
New language
New religion
Give disadvantages/ inconveniences of cultural diversity in cities
Language differences -> local authorities run English lessons.
Hospitals may meed to cater for foreign illnesses.
School may alter curriculum / holidays for ethnic groups.
Name the places to use as examples for deprivation and diversity
Leeds City Region
Bradford
By what percentage has the size of the ethnic minority population in the Leeds City Region grown between 1991-2011?
Doubled, 7%-15%
What was the largest ethnic minority group in the Leeds City Region in 2011?
Pakistani - 7%
What percentage of Leeds and Bradfords population identify as OTHER than white British?
Leeds = 19% (1/5) Bradford = 36% (1/3)
Which nationality in particular tends to cluster geographically within the Leeds City Region?
Pakistani group
Which nationality is more likely to live in a deprived neighbourhood than any other group?
Bangladeshi
Eg Bradford - 72% of Bangladeshis live in high deprivation.
Which group faces worse labour market outcomes in less deprived neighbourhoods vs deprived neighbourhoods, White British or Pakistani?
Less deprived areas - Pakistani have worse outcomes.
Deprived areas - similar outcomes
Do ethnic minority groups have a higher unemployment rate in the most deprived areas or in less deprived areas?
Higher unemployment in deprived areas
Where is there the greatest need for English language service provision? Bradford or Leeds?
Bradford - 4% cannot speak English
Leeds - 2%
Give reasons that ethnic minority groups would self segregate
- Support and security from friends and relatives.
- Provision of specialist facilities eg places of worship, food shops.
- Protection against racial abuse / attacks from majority population.
- Maintenance of culture, traditions.
- More opportunities to use native language.
- Increasing political influence and power in local area.
Give reasons that ethnic minority groups would be segregated by external factors
- Traditionally, migrants are source of cheap labour -> forced into areas of cheap housing.
- Discrimination in access to local authority housing, less successful in securing mortgage loans.
- Hostility from majority population.
- Movement of majority population away from minority -> ‘white flight’.
Which areas of Leeds have the highest levels of deprivation?
South eg Hunslet
East eg Harehills
-> highest deprivation on the scale.
How deprived is the centre of Leeds?
Less deprived than south / east -> 3rd, 4th, 5th out of 10 deciles.
Which area of Leeds has the lowest levels of deprivation?
North -> majority less than 6th on scale.
Some areas of lowest deprivation eg Alwoodly Park, Cookridge.
[Some areas of high deprivation eg Hawksworth, Moor Allerton.]
Which area of Leeds has the best health scores?
Central Leeds
Eg Steander, Woodhouse
Inc least number of long term health problems
Which area of Leeds has the poorest level of health?
South
Eg Hunslet - most deprived
Inc highest number of long term health problems
What ethnicity is the majority of Leeds’ population? Where do they live?
White British
Outskirts / suburbs -> higher house prices, less deprived.
(Fewer white people in centre.)
Which ethnicities live mainly in the centre of Leeds?
Mixed race / black
Eg Harehills Corner, Potternewton
Which ethnicity of Leeds’ population doesn’t correlate with deprivation, health or house price?
Asian
Which ethnicity of leeds’ population does correlate with deprivation, health and house price?
Black
Main location = either side of CBD eg Sheepscar, Harehills (north of CBD), New Wortley, Beeston Hill (south of CBD).
-> very deprived, low house prices.
Does house prices of Leeds correlate with deprivation?
Highest house prices -> north = least deprived.
What issues does Leeds face in terms of its social segregation of ethnicities?
Social segregation -> tension between ethnic groups.
Non-white population may become trapped in cycle of poverty -> esp black community who tend to live in more deprived, cheaper areas.
