Urban Forms

Question 1

Define economic inequality

Answer 1

The extreme wealth gap between rich and poor in cities.
Particularly LICs.
Often found over relatively small distances eg Mumbai

Question 2

Name a place that shows evidence of extreme economic inequality

Answer 2

Mumbai

Question 3

How does Mumbai show evidence of extreme economic inequality?

Answer 3

Antilla:
$2 billion house of Mukesh Ambani.
27 storeys - 6 storeys of parking lots.
One of the world’s most expensive residential properties.

Byculla:
Area of slum housing.
People live on less than $2 per day.

Question 4

Define social segregation

Answer 4

The separation / isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary means.
-> wealthy and poor seem to concentrate spatially.

Question 5

Name the factors that cause wealthy and poor people to become socially segregated

Answer 5

Housing
Changing environments
Ethnic dimension

Question 6

How does the factor of ‘housing’ cause social segregation?

Answer 6

• Poorer groups have less choice of which housing they can afford.
• Developers build housing on land with particular market in mind.
• Housing value affected by requirement to include a proportion of ‘affordable’ housing.

Question 7

How does the factor of ‘changing environments’ cause social segregation?

Answer 7

• Housing neighbourhoods change over time.
Eg houses built for families in Georgian / Victorian times are too big nowadays, so many are converted into flats.
• Gentrification of poorer areas.
Eg ‘right to buy’ legislation 1980s -> improved council estates.

Question 8

How does the factor of ‘ethnic dimension’ cause social segregation?

Answer 8

• Migrants often suffer discrimination at first.
Eg in job market , may be unemployed / low income.
-> can only afford cheap housing.
• New migrants often concentrate in poor areas of city, cluster into multicultural areas.

Question 9

Define Multiple Deprivation Index (IMD)

Answer 9

A UK Government qualitative study to measure Deprivation at a small area level across England

Question 10

How is IMD calculated?

Answer 10

Indices based on 37 indicators.
Organised across 7 domains of deprivation, which are combined using appropriate weights to calculate IMD.
Every neighbourhood in England is ranked according to other areas.

Question 11

Name the 7 main indicators of calculating IMD

Answer 11

Income
Employment
Health / disability
Education, skills, training
Access to housing / services
Living environment
Crime

Question 12

Define cultural diversity

Answer 12

The existence of a variety of cultural / ethnic groups within a society.
Eg nationality, age, race, traditions

Question 13

Give examples of places with a wide cultural diversity

Answer 13

London, New York, Amsterdam.

Receive migrants from all over the world -> multicultural societies

Question 14

Define diaspora

Answer 14

A large group of people with similar heritage / homelands who have settled elsewhere in the world.

Question 15

Give an example of a place where there is a greater proportion of diasporas than indigenous residents

Answer 15

Dubai, UAE.

2/3 population is Asian descent.

Question 16

What is the main factor causing cultural diversity?

Answer 16

Immigration

Question 17

What are the reasons for immigration into cities?

Answer 17

• Employment opportunity
• First point of entry in a country
• Housed immigrants of similar ethnicity previously
• Established cultural diversity in the area
• Urban populations more tolerant of immigrants

Question 18

Give advantages of cultural diversity in cities

Answer 18

New food
New music
New language
New religion

Question 19

Give disadvantages/ inconveniences of cultural diversity in cities

Answer 19

Language differences -> local authorities run English lessons.
Hospitals may meed to cater for foreign illnesses.
School may alter curriculum / holidays for ethnic groups.

Question 20

Name the places to use as examples for deprivation and diversity

Answer 20

Leeds City Region

Bradford

Question 21

By what percentage has the size of the ethnic minority population in the Leeds City Region grown between 1991-2011?

Answer 21

Doubled, 7%-15%

Question 22

What was the largest ethnic minority group in the Leeds City Region in 2011?

Answer 22

Pakistani - 7%

Question 23

What percentage of Leeds and Bradfords population identify as OTHER than white British?

Answer 23

Leeds = 19% (1/5)
Bradford = 36% (1/3)

Question 24

Which nationality in particular tends to cluster geographically within the Leeds City Region?

Answer 24

Pakistani group

Question 25

Which nationality is more likely to live in a deprived neighbourhood than any other group?

Answer 25

Bangladeshi

Eg Bradford - 72% of Bangladeshis live in high deprivation.

Question 26

Which group faces worse labour market outcomes in less deprived neighbourhoods vs deprived neighbourhoods, White British or Pakistani?

Answer 26

Less deprived areas - Pakistani have worse outcomes.

Deprived areas - similar outcomes

Question 27

Do ethnic minority groups have a higher unemployment rate in the most deprived areas or in less deprived areas?

Answer 27

Higher unemployment in deprived areas

Question 28

Where is there the greatest need for English language service provision? Bradford or Leeds?

Answer 28

Bradford - 4% cannot speak English

Leeds - 2%

Question 29

Give reasons that ethnic minority groups would self segregate

Answer 29

• Support and security from friends and relatives.
• Provision of specialist facilities eg places of worship, food shops.
• Protection against racial abuse / attacks from majority population.
• Maintenance of culture, traditions.
• More opportunities to use native language.
• Increasing political influence and power in local area.

Question 30

Give reasons that ethnic minority groups would be segregated by external factors

Answer 30

• Traditionally, migrants are source of cheap labour -> forced into areas of cheap housing.
• Discrimination in access to local authority housing, less successful in securing mortgage loans.
• Hostility from majority population.
• Movement of majority population away from minority -> ‘white flight’.

Question 31

Which areas of Leeds have the highest levels of deprivation?

Answer 31

South eg Hunslet
East eg Harehills
-> highest deprivation on the scale.

Question 32

How deprived is the centre of Leeds?

Answer 32

Less deprived than south / east -> 3rd, 4th, 5th out of 10 deciles.

Question 33

Which area of Leeds has the lowest levels of deprivation?

Answer 33

North -> majority less than 6th on scale.
Some areas of lowest deprivation eg Alwoodly Park, Cookridge.

[Some areas of high deprivation eg Hawksworth, Moor Allerton.]

Question 34

Which area of Leeds has the best health scores?

Answer 34

Central Leeds
Eg Steander, Woodhouse

Inc least number of long term health problems

Question 35

Which area of Leeds has the poorest level of health?

Answer 35

South
Eg Hunslet - most deprived

Inc highest number of long term health problems

Question 36

What ethnicity is the majority of Leeds’ population? Where do they live?

Answer 36

White British
Outskirts / suburbs -> higher house prices, less deprived.
(Fewer white people in centre.)

Question 37

Which ethnicities live mainly in the centre of Leeds?

Answer 37

Mixed race / black

Eg Harehills Corner, Potternewton

Question 38

Which ethnicity of Leeds’ population doesn’t correlate with deprivation, health or house price?

Answer 38

Asian

Question 39

Which ethnicity of leeds’ population does correlate with deprivation, health and house price?

Answer 39

Black
Main location = either side of CBD eg Sheepscar, Harehills (north of CBD), New Wortley, Beeston Hill (south of CBD).
-> very deprived, low house prices.

Question 40

Does house prices of Leeds correlate with deprivation?

Answer 40

Highest house prices -> north = least deprived.

Question 41

What issues does Leeds face in terms of its social segregation of ethnicities?

Answer 41

Social segregation -> tension between ethnic groups.

Non-white population may become trapped in cycle of poverty -> esp black community who tend to live in more deprived, cheaper areas.