Urban Forms Flashcards
Define economic inequality
The extreme wealth gap between rich and poor in cities.
Particularly LICs.
Often found over relatively small distances eg Mumbai
Name a place that shows evidence of extreme economic inequality
Mumbai
How does Mumbai show evidence of extreme economic inequality?
Antilla:
$2 billion house of Mukesh Ambani.
27 storeys - 6 storeys of parking lots.
One of the world’s most expensive residential properties.
Byculla:
Area of slum housing.
People live on less than $2 per day.
Define social segregation
The separation / isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary means.
-> wealthy and poor seem to concentrate spatially.
Name the factors that cause wealthy and poor people to become socially segregated
Housing
Changing environments
Ethnic dimension
How does the factor of ‘housing’ cause social segregation?
- Poorer groups have less choice of which housing they can afford.
- Developers build housing on land with particular market in mind.
- Housing value affected by requirement to include a proportion of ‘affordable’ housing.
How does the factor of ‘changing environments’ cause social segregation?
• Housing neighbourhoods change over time.
Eg houses built for families in Georgian / Victorian times are too big nowadays, so many are converted into flats.
• Gentrification of poorer areas.
Eg ‘right to buy’ legislation 1980s -> improved council estates.
How does the factor of ‘ethnic dimension’ cause social segregation?
• Migrants often suffer discrimination at first.
Eg in job market , may be unemployed / low income.
-> can only afford cheap housing.
• New migrants often concentrate in poor areas of city, cluster into multicultural areas.
Define Multiple Deprivation Index (IMD)
A UK Government qualitative study to measure Deprivation at a small area level across England
How is IMD calculated?
Indices based on 37 indicators.
Organised across 7 domains of deprivation, which are combined using appropriate weights to calculate IMD.
Every neighbourhood in England is ranked according to other areas.
Name the 7 main indicators of calculating IMD
Income Employment Health / disability Education, skills, training Access to housing / services Living environment Crime
Define cultural diversity
The existence of a variety of cultural / ethnic groups within a society.
Eg nationality, age, race, traditions
Give examples of places with a wide cultural diversity
London, New York, Amsterdam.
Receive migrants from all over the world -> multicultural societies
Define diaspora
A large group of people with similar heritage / homelands who have settled elsewhere in the world.
Give an example of a place where there is a greater proportion of diasporas than indigenous residents
Dubai, UAE.
2/3 population is Asian descent.
What is the main factor causing cultural diversity?
Immigration
What are the reasons for immigration into cities?
- Employment opportunity
- First point of entry in a country
- Housed immigrants of similar ethnicity previously
- Established cultural diversity in the area
- Urban populations more tolerant of immigrants
Give advantages of cultural diversity in cities
New food
New music
New language
New religion
Give disadvantages/ inconveniences of cultural diversity in cities
Language differences -> local authorities run English lessons.
Hospitals may meed to cater for foreign illnesses.
School may alter curriculum / holidays for ethnic groups.
Name the places to use as examples for deprivation and diversity
Leeds City Region
Bradford
By what percentage has the size of the ethnic minority population in the Leeds City Region grown between 1991-2011?
Doubled, 7%-15%
What was the largest ethnic minority group in the Leeds City Region in 2011?
Pakistani - 7%
What percentage of Leeds and Bradfords population identify as OTHER than white British?
Leeds = 19% (1/5) Bradford = 36% (1/3)
Which nationality in particular tends to cluster geographically within the Leeds City Region?
Pakistani group
