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A Level Human Geography > Key Definitions - urban and changing places > Flashcards

Key Definitions - urban and changing places Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns / cities

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2
Q

Define urban growth

A

An increase in the number of urban dwellers

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3
Q

Define urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into surrounding countryside

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4
Q

Define megacity

A

An urban area with over 10 million people, incorporating several large towns / cities

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5
Q

Define metacity

A

A conurbation with over 20 million people

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6
Q

Define world city

A

A city with major global influence

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7
Q

Define suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from inner city to outer city

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8
Q

Define counter urbanisation

A

The movement of people from a large urban area to a smaller urban / rural area

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9
Q

Define urban resurgence

A

The economic / structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline

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10
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

The loss of jobs in the secondary manufacturing sector

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11
Q

Define decentralisation

A

The movement of population / industry to outlying areas from the centre

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12
Q

Define gentrification

A

The buying and renovating of properties, often in more run down areas

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13
Q

Define regeneration

A

The attempt to reverse the decline of an area by improving both the physical structure and the economy

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14
Q

Define urban-rural migration

A

The movement of people from cities to the countryside

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15
Q

Define edge city

A

A relatively large urban area situated on the beyond the original boundary of a city, often beside a major road

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16
Q

Define fortress landscape

A

Landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion

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17
Q

Define central business district - CBD

A

The commercial / business centre of a city

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18
Q

Define urban morphology

A

The study of the form of settlements, the process of their formation / transformation

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19
Q

Define cultural diversity

A

The existence of a variety of cultural / ethnic groups within a society

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20
Q

Define diaspora

A

People who have spread / dispersed from their homeland

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21
Q

Define economic inequality

A

The unequal distribution of economic wellbeing / financial assets within a society

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22
Q

Define social segregation

A

The separation of race / class / ethnic group by enforced or voluntary means

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23
Q

Define urban social exclusion

A

Economic / social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

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24
Q

Define brownfield site

A

An area of land previously used for industrial / commercial purposes

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25
Q

Define greenfield site

A

An area of undeveloped land in a city / rural area

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26
Q

Define dereliction

A

The state of having been abandoned

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27
Q

Define land remediation

A

The removal of pollutants / contaminants from the environment
Eg from soil , groundwater

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28
Q

Define urban transition

A

The process of urbanisation

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29
Q

Define push factor

A

Something that encourages someone to leave a rural area

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30
Q

Define pull factor

A

Something that encourages someone into an urban area

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31
Q

Define under employment

A

A job that doesn’t make use of a persons’ skills

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32
Q

Define GDP

A

Gross domestic product - refers to the total value of all goods and services in a country over a year

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33
Q

Define infrastructure

A

The basic physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise
Eg. buildings, roads, power supplies

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34
Q

Define cultural and heritage quarters

A

Part of a city that has been redeveloped with cultural aspects
Eg museums, bars, galleries, shows

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35
Q

Define town centre mixed development

A

Having a variety of services etc in the city and what the city offers.
Involves developing attractions / new retail areas

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36
Q

Define post-modern western city

A

Describes a change to a western city during late 20th century.
Departure from traditions -> new purposes
Eg fortress landscapes / edge cities are features

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37
Q

Define functions

A

The main activities of a town / city.
Each function translates into a specific type of landuse.
Eg residential

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38
Q

Define landuse

A

What the land is used for.
Each landuse type has a range of distinctive characteristics, density, location.
Eg housing, retail, farming

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39
Q

Define inner city

A

Area of old housing and light manufacturing industry, dating back to Industrial Revolution.
Many have witnessed regeneration.

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40
Q

Define residential area

A

Consists of housing from a range of periods.

Has traditionally increased in size and price as it moves towards outskirts of a city

41
Q

Define green areas

A

Green areas are dotted throughout an urban area.

Eg parks, botanical gardens, playgrounds

42
Q

Define out of town retail developments

A

Originally developed by large supermarkets, now non-food and entertainment.
Government actively discouraged their development in 1994

43
Q

Define business or science parks

A

Tend to be found on the edge of urban areas where there’s access to major roads

44
Q

Define industry

A

Manufacturing industry often requires large areas of land and tend to be found towards edge of cities where land is cheaper.
Decline due to deindustrialisation

45
Q

Define informal settlement

A

Slums / shanty towns that feature in LICs.

Often develop on edge of city / adjacent to transport routes / unpopular areas to live eg mountain side

46
Q

What land use is included in commercial function?

A

Businesses, shops, hotels, banks, restaurants

47
Q

What land use is included in administrative function?

A

Offices - central / local government, public utilities

48
Q

What land use is included in public services function?

A

Schools, hospitals, police station, landfill sites

49
Q

What land use is included in industry function?

A

Factories, farming, mining, quarrying

50
Q

What land use is included in recreational function?

A

Parks, playing fields, allotments, woodland

51
Q

What land use is included in non-functional function?

A

Derelict land, wasteland

52
Q

Define periphery

A

The main zone of squatter settlements, occupied by the poorest groups

53
Q

Define site

A

The area occupied by a settlement

54
Q

Define IMD

A

Multiple Deprivation Index -
A U.K. Government qualitative study to measure deprivation st a small area level across England.
Based on 37 indicators, across 7 domains of deprivation.

55
Q

Define indigenous

A

Indigenous people are native to that place

56
Q

Define social segregation

A

When ethnic groups find themselves isolated from wider society

57
Q

Define interculturalism

A

The attempt to create interaction and exchange of ideas between cultural groups

58
Q

Define urban heat island effect - UHI

A

The temperature difference between urban / suburban areas and the surrounding rural areas

59
Q

Define channelling

A

When wind is redirected down a long straight canyon.
Eg streets where there is less friction
Aka urban canyons

60
Q

Define Venturi effect

A

The squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap -> pressure decrease and velocity increase

61
Q

Define turbulence

A

Rapid and abrupt changes in wind direction and speed

62
Q

Define eutrophication

A

Excessive amounts of nutrients in water sources (due to fertiliser runoff / nitrogen in rain) -> excessive growth of plants eg algae -> lack of oxygen in water

63
Q

Define water pollution

A

The contamination of water sources

64
Q

Define ecological footprint

A

The total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes and absorb the waste produced

65
Q

Define sustainable development

A

Development that aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

66
Q

Define liveability

A

The characteristics of a city which improve the quality of life of the people living there

67
Q

Define localism

A

An affection for / emotional ownership of a particular place

Eg home

68
Q

Define regionalism

A

A consciousness of / loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities
Eg Yorkshire

69
Q

Define nationalism

A

Loyalty / devotion to a nation -> sense of national consciousness
Eg British

70
Q

Define belonging

A

To be part of a community

Influenced by eg age, gender, religion

71
Q

Define locale

A

The place where something happens / is set / has particular events associated with it

72
Q

Define location

A

Where a place actually is located

73
Q

Define perception of place

A

The way in which a place is viewed by people.

Influenced by media representation / personal experience

74
Q

Define place

A

Location with meaning.
Meaningful in personal / subjective ways.
Meaningful ad social / cultural level - these views shared by different groups

75
Q

Define place making

A

The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction / improve quality of life

76
Q

Define sense of place

A

Subjective / emotional attachment people have to a place.

Develops through experience / knowledge of an area

77
Q

Define descriptive approach to place

A

The idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct

78
Q

Define social constructionist approach to place

A

Sees place as a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time

79
Q

Define phenomenological approach to place

A

How an individual experiences a place, recognising a highly personal relationship between place and person

80
Q

Define insiders

A

Insiders have a stronger relationship with a particular place

81
Q

Define outsiders

A

Outsiders don’t have a relationship with a particular place

82
Q

Define time-space convergence

A

The impression that distances between two locations have decreased due to advancements in transport / communication

83
Q

Define experienced places

A

Places that a person has spent time in

84
Q

Define media places

A

Places that a person has only read about / seen on TV or film

85
Q

Define exogenous factors

A

Characteristics which are external - relationship to other places.
Eg trade links, gov policy, migration rates, proximity to rivers

86
Q

Define endogenous factors

A

Characteristics which have originated internally.

Eg soil / rock type, land use, age of housing, relief of land, ethnicity of population

87
Q

Define character of a place

A

Physical and human features that help to distinguish it from another place.
Often a combination of natural and cultural features in the landscape (endogenous)

88
Q

Define agents of change

A

People who have impact on a place
Eg residents, community groups, gov, media.
Eg by living, working, trying to improve the place

89
Q

Define globalisation

A

The interconnection of the world’s economic, cultural and political systems by increased trade around the world / TNCs

90
Q

Define clone towns

A

Settlements where high streets are dominated by chain stores -> difficult to determine where the place is as high streets rarely differ

91
Q

Define dynamic in terms of place

A

The coming together of people, ideas, wealth and information

92
Q

Define meaning in terms of place

A

Individual / collective perceptions of a place

93
Q

Define representation of place

A

How a place is portrayed / seen in society

94
Q

Define re-imaging of a place

A

Aims to discard negative perceptions of a place and generate new positive ones

95
Q

Define rebranding of a place

A

Ways in which a place is redeveloped / marketed to gain a new identity

96
Q

Define corporate body

A

An organisation / group of people that is identified by a particular name
Eg institutions, businesses, non-profit enterprises, government agencies

97
Q

Define qualitative data

A

Non numerical information that is unstructured, open ended, descriptive

98
Q

Define quantitative data

A

Data that can be quantified / verified, amenable to statistic manipulation

A Level Human Geography (15 decks)

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