Social And Economic Issues Associated With Urbanisation

Question 1

Define urban social exclusion

Answer 1

Problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

Question 2

Which types of circumstances might cause people to be excluded from full participation in society? (Urban social exclusion)

Answer 2

Social circumstances
Physical circumstances

Eg can’t get a good job due to poor education
Eg can’t get good housing due to poverty

Question 3

What might inequality in cities lead to within communities?

Answer 3

Lack of social cohesion

Civil unrest

Question 4

Which areas of a city are traditionally most deprived?

Answer 4

Inner city areas

Question 5

What is the geographical pattern to urban poverty today?

Answer 5

There is no clear geographical pattern.

Eg highest poverty in peripheral estates, regenerated inner city.

Question 6

List the inequalities that may be present in the cycle of poverty

Answer 6

Access to job opportunities
Education
Housing
Basic public services eg water, sanitation

Question 7

What might the knock on effects of inequalities be, in the cycle of poverty?

Answer 7

Poor health -> due to lack of basic public services
Unemployment -> due to poor education
Lack of social mobility -> due to poor job opportunities / housing

Question 8

Give a flow system to describe how a family might get trapped in the cycle of poverty

Answer 8

Poor family -> poor education [-> government grants for education] -> fewer qualifications -> poor employ,net opportunities -> low income [-> save money] -> cannot afford good housing etc -> poor family

Question 9

How can poverty and inequalities be tackled in cities?

Answer 9

• Provision of schools.
• Support for low skilled workers who want to develop their abilities
• Enforce maximum environmental standards (poor health is linked to poor conditions).
• Access to affordable housing.
• Greater provision of public transport -> affordable.
• Enforce a living wage / provide an urban subsidy.

Question 10

Define cultural diversity

Answer 10

The existence of a variety of cultural / ethnic groups within a society

Question 11

Give advantages of cultural diversity in a city

Answer 11

New food
New music
New language
New religion

Question 12

Give disadvantages/inconveniences of cultural diversity in cities

Answer 12

Language differences -> local authorities run English lessons.
Hospitals may need to cater for foreign illnesses.
Schools may alter curriculum / holidays for ethnic groups.

Question 13

Give disadvantages of social segregation of ethnic groups

Answer 13

• Ethnic groups become isolated from wider society.
• Maintain their own language, beliefs -> limit interaction with others.
• Schools become dominated by a particular group -> suspicion / hostility as young people don’t get to know each other.

Question 14

How can negative issues associated with social segregation and cultural diversity be tackled?

Answer 14

Interculturalism:
• Emphasise interaction and exchange of ideas between cultural groups.
• Areas of mutual interest are found and community engagement is conducted in intercultural spaces.
Eg libraries, schools, clubs

Legislation:
• UK legislation on anti-racism, employment rights.