Urban Forestry Flashcards
Fertilizing and watering newly transplanted trees tends to prevent them from forming symbiotic bonds with mycorrhizal fungi
Yes
Two examples of ring-porous trees in Alberta are
Oak and Sea buckthorn
Dendroclimatologists is the study of
The effects of changing climates on the growth rings of trees
Weak, narrow branch attachments with two equal branches or stems often fail because of
Bark inclusions
Why are mycorrhizal partnerships good for tree survival in the landscape
Mycorrhizae help trees absorb water, scarce minerals, and especially phosphorus
CODIT stands for
Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees
Both axial and radial parenchyma (ray) cells “balloon” their contents into vessels and it accumulates, blocking the flow of sap. This process not only seals the vessels against moisture loss, but is the first line of defense against many decay causing pathogens. What is this blocking action called?
Tylosis
The classification of trees that has the most bio-diversity in terms of growth ring formation is?
Angiosperms
Wall #1 in CODIT limits decay?
Vertically
Vascular tissue that transports and circulates chemical energy from sources to sinks throughout the symplast in a tree is known as?
Phloem
Symplast in a conifer can also be called
Sapwood
Gridling roots can cause
Crown dieback, failure to thrive and tree failure
All too commonly, why do some large, mature trees in the Urban Forest fail and fall over?
Opportunistic fungi are able to invade wounds that frequently occur and are caused by people in order to colonize roots and trunks causing decay and weakness.
Wall #2 in CODIT, tries to limit
Inward decay
How do mycorrhiza help trees
By colonizing soil ahead of plant roots, opening spaces for roots to grow and metabolizing minerals and water and transporting them back so plants can use them.
The distance between the apical buds and terminal bud scar from previous years gives a good indication of
Rate of growth in the last year, age of a younger tree or age of a branch on an older tree, general health, and growth abnormalities
Betula papyrifera is a good compartmentalizer because of its ring porous anatomy
No
What runs parallel to growth rings
Axial parenchyma
What runs perpendicular to growth rings
Radial parenchyma
Allows water and minerals to be transported from the roots throughout the plant
Xylem
The primary meristem producing radial growth
Cambium
Enables the active transport of sugar
Phloem
The best time of year to remove a tree, that will sprout back from its roots system is
Right after it leafs out
Oak trees are what sort of porous
Ring porous
Trees are like big batteries because
Wood is a long-term energy storage for the tree
Phenology is the study of
Knowing the life-cycle of a tree relative to its energy reserves and the changing seasons.
Prior to planting a tree that has been in a container for too long you should
Slice about an inch of rootball from top to bottom on four sides with a sharp spade
Wall #3 in CODIT prevents the spread of decay in which direction
Laterally
The critical minimum root plate protection zone for most tree is
12-15x, where x=dbh
The vascular cambium produces
Xylem and Phloem
Xylem and Phloem are produced by
Vascular cambium
Organic amendments should be applied to the
Topsoil
Bark is contains layers of
Dead, dying crushed phloem cells, helper cell remnants and cortex
The two processes by which cells divide and form the various organs of a tree are
Cell mitosis and differentiation
The apical meristem is where on the branch
The upper and outermost bud on a tree branch
The strongest CODIT wall is
Wall #4
Is it best to avoid pruning wood when the leaves are forming or falling
Yes
Does root pruning cause denser root systems with more fibrous roots
Yes
Ash trees in most urban forests are now at risk from which pest
Emerald Ash Borer
The most commonly accepted default competency for arborists is
ISA Certified Arborist
The main focus of arboriculture as it relates to urban forestry is
Sustainable management of trees for aesthetics, environmental and economic values
Besides species what 3 factors need to be considered when using the 9th ed of the guide for plant appraisal
Condition, Location, Size
Monoculture planting has contributed to high loss rates associated with storm events, disease outbreaks and insect infestations
Yes
In the Tenth edition of the Guide for Plant Appraisal, what have Species and Location been replaced with as depreciation factors?
Functional limitations and External limitations
How does “green” infrastructure differ from “grey” infrastructure?
Green infrastructure appreciates in value over its useful lifespan, Grey infrastructure slowly deteriorates over time.
When making planting decisions for the long term, selecting tree species properly involves
Selecting species that have the potential to live the longest, and making sure they are planted correctly and nurtured when they are small.
Poor planting, lack of care and protection, low urban tree diversity and inadequate or ineffective irrigation have all been significant contributing factors to low urban tree independence in the landscape.
Yes
What is a Tree Protection Plan
A TPP outlines how construction work is to be accomplished and the steps that will be taken to preserve trees on City lands
What is a public tree
Any tree which has any part of its trunk located on City lands
What are is the 1st step in completing a Tree Protection Plan
Step 1: Public Tree Disclosure State
What is the 2nd step in completing a Tree Protection Plan
Pre-construction meeting
What is the 3rd step in Tree Protection Plan
Prepare a Tree Protection Plan
What is the 4th step in a tree protection plan
Submitting your tree protection plan
What is the 5th step in a tree protection plan
Hoarding Permit
What is step 6 in a tree protection plan
Maintaining your Tree Protection Plan
Who is able to preform removal, branch and root pruning work on public trees
A tree contractor who meets The City’s minimum standard
Weak branches are called
Codominant
A remedy for included bark is
Remove the limb as soon as it is detected
A remedy for ramshorning is
Make proper pruning cuts
A remedy for lions tailing is
Proper pruning doses and do not remove all the interior branches well leaving the exterior
When is the worst time to prune
Spring Flush
What is excurrent form
One singular trunk at the top, strong apical dominance - A form tree
What is decurrent form
Trees with an open, branching form, scaffold branches create structure - B form tree
What are the 3D’s of pruning
DeadDamagedDiseased
What dates can you prune elms between
October 1st and April 1sr
When should spring blooming shrubs be pruned
After flowering
What are applications for an air spade
Root collar excavation, vertical mulching, radial trenching, soil aeration, root pruning, bare rooting and transplanting.
What size does a tree protection zone need to be
1.2m high and extend 4m from the trunk or too the dripline of the tree
What is the primary cause of working injury when working around electricity
Indirect contact
What are the three types of chippers
DrumDisc Mechanical drum
What is the minimum distance workers need to keep from electrical lines unless specially trained
10ft
How is a circuit completed
Direct - touching an energized wire - and indirect - conductive object : limb, tool, equipment; touches energized wire and completes the connection to the ground
In general more insulators on a power line means what
Higher voltage
