Urban Design

Question 1

GREEK CITY

Answer 1

grid layout with a public center (agora or marketplace) and an irregular wall

Question 2

ROMAN CITY

Answer 2

2 major roads, cardo and decumanus, intersect at central forum
2 kinds, commercial (oppidum) and military (castrum)

Question 3

MEDIEVAL CITY

Answer 3

irregular, geometric streets that roughly radiate from church/marketplace

Question 4

BAROQUE CITY

Answer 4

wide boulevards connect important features

ex: Versailles, Washington, DC, Paris

Question 5

RENAISSANCE CITY

Answer 5

ideal star shape with radial streets; walled; plazas for markets
ex: Florence

Question 6

CITY BEAUTIFUL

Answer 6

1890s-1900s
beautification to create harmonious social order
ex: Columbian Exposition, McMillan Plan for Washington, D.C.

Question 7

6 tenets of Perry’s Neighborhood Theory

Answer 7

roads form boundaries of neighborhood
interior streets are cul-de-sacs and traffic-calming
neighborhood size based on one elementary school
school and green space at center
160 acres, 10 families/acre, 1/2 mile from school
10% of space for recreation; include shopping, church, library, community center near edges

Question 8

8 basic types of land use

Answer 8

government
residential
commercial
industrial
natural resources
open/conservation
institutional
agricultural

Question 9

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: LINEAR

Answer 9

in a line, connected by transportation spine, usually has 2 main points. lacks focus or center; is congested

Question 10

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: MEGALOPOLIS

Answer 10

extensive linear arrangement of cities

Question 11

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: AXIAL

Answer 11

similar to linear but with 2 spines

Question 12

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: RADIAL

Answer 12

center core; inflexible but compact; lots of interaction

Question 13

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: GRID

Answer 13

flexible, compact, standardized. complex distribution of use; can be boring. very American
Savannah, GA
Philadelphia, PA

Question 14

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: PRECINCTUAL

Answer 14

dispersed activities; may not have central core. flexible, efficient and economical. expands in any direction

Question 15

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: CONCENTRIC

Answer 15

core with concentric rings; common pattern is original business center, old housing/factories, dense suburbs, post WWII suburbs

Question 16

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: MULTIPLE NUCLEI

Answer 16

system of connected sub-centers. variations include finger plan, cluster, and satellite (in satellite, one is the major center)

Question 17

URBAN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: SHEET

Answer 17

extensive urban area without focal point, routes or forms (sprawl)

Question 18

Le Corbusier’s 5 Points of Architecture

Answer 18

Pilotis (reinforced concrete stilts)
Free Facade (non-supporting walls designed any way
Open Plan (no structure in the way)
Ribbon Windows (for unencumbered views)
Roof Garden (relocate natural material from  footprint of building to roof)

Question 19

5 elements contributing to Lynch’s legibility

Answer 19

path: trails, streets, walks
edge: perceived boundary: wall, shoreline
district: city section with identity/character
node: focal point, intersection
landmark: identifiable object; reference point

Question 20

GARDEN CITY

Answer 20

Ebenezer Howard’s plan for balance of nature and development - ring of suburbs connected by rail to main city - self-sustaining with agricultural belt
Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England (FIRST)
Welwyn, Hertfordshire, England
Radburn, NJ
Reston, VA

Question 21

NEW URBANISM

Answer 21

1980s-present
America
reform to contain diversity of uses, walkable communities

Question 22

4 factors that make defensible space (Oscar Newman)

Answer 22

territoriality - idea that one’s home is sacred
natural surveillance - link between physical characteristics and ability to see
image - physical design imparts sense of security
milieu - other factors - proximity to police or busy area

Question 23

5 principles of designing defensible space (Oscar Newman)

Answer 23

assign resident groups to environments they can utilize and control
define territory to reflect zone of influence - adjacent residents can develop proprietary attitudes
place spaces to allow natural surveillance of public areas
juxtaposition of dwellings, entries and amenities with streets to put the under sphere of influence
building forms that avoid stigma of isolation or vulnerabilit

Question 24

ROAD TYPES: ARTERIAL

Answer 24

connects and expressway to a street serving a residential area
usually 2 lanes each way, controlled by stoplights, sometimes populated by restaurants and shopping

Question 25

ROAD TYPES: EXPRESSWAY

Answer 25

interstate; often accessed by ramps to allow fast, unimpeded movement

Question 26

ROAD TYPES: COLLECTOR-DISTRIBUTER

Answer 26

street serving a residential area; connects to local access roads
may be one lane each direction, parking may be permitted during certain hours, often controlled by stoplights

Question 27

ROAD TYPES: LOCAL ACCESS ROAD

Answer 27

usually one lane each way (may be one-way), controlled by stop signs
may be loops or cl-de-sacs
on-street parking generally unrestricted

Question 28

ROAD TYPES: CARTRIDGE ROAD

Answer 28

loop distributer-collector with access to local road

Question 29

cars per linear foot of curb:
90° parking
60°
45°
30°

Answer 29

90°: 11
60°: 9
45°: 8
30°: 5

Question 30

7 featuresand descriptions of Garnier’s Une Cite Industrialle

Answer 30

response to Industrial Revolution
schools/vocational schools close to associated industry
no religion or government - rational man can rule himself
pioneered use of reinforced concrete
innovative building clock with freestanding houses
enormous open spaces - few squares or parks
trees incorporated into important streets

Question 31

catchment area

Answer 31

aka market, trade, or tributary area

geographic area from which participants in an activity are drawn