Urban change in HICs Flashcards
What is migration
- The movement of people across an official border for permenant residance
Positive impacts of migration on the UK
- Skill gaps are filled
- Culture is enriched
- Government tax revenue increases
- More low-wage workers
Negative impacts of migration on the UK
- Pressure on sevices, housing and infrastructure
- Overcrowding and congestion
- Job comptetition
- Discrimination and racial tensions
Social oppurtunities brought by urban change
- Cultural mix: ethnic diversity due to international and national migration
- Increased recreation and entertainment
Economic oppurtunities brought by urban change
- Cultural events attract tourists and boosts local revenue
- New jobs in construction and tourism results in multiplier effect
Environmental oppurtunities brought by urban change
- Intergrated transport system reduces pollution and congestion
- Decline in industry across cities results in brownfield sites. These are regenerated into green spaces
Explain the multiplier effect (urban change)
- More people due to migration results in greater need for facilities
- This results in more businesses and therefore more jobs
- More jobs therefore, people have more money
- More money spent in local area = businesses have more money to employ more people = cycle repeats
- More money for government = more investment in area = more businesses attracted = more people employed = cycle repeats
Social challenges of urban change
- Poverty and deprivation
- Ageing population
- Ethnic segregation
Economic challenges of urban change
- Transport and traffic
- Greater pressure on energy suply
Environmental challenges of urban change
- Pollution and waste disposal
- Green spaces destroyed
What is the rural-urban fringe?
- Where the green, open space meets built-up areas of towns and cities
Push factors that promotes development on the urban fringe
- Old, congested and expensive housing
- Lots of environmental and noise pollution
- Shortage of land for factories
Pull factors that promotes development on the urban fringe
- Cheaper and larger houses with gardens
- More spacious factories
- Less air and noise pollution
What is urban sprawl?
- The uncontrolled growth of towns and cities, enrouching into rural areas
Issues of urban sprawl?
- Loss of farmland to build new homes
- Higher carbon emissions due to car dependency (people have to travel furhter)
- Loss of green spaces
What is a green belt?
- A planned and proteccted area on which no development is allowed to restrict and prevent urban sprawl
What is a browfield and greenfield site?
- Brownfield: development on previosult built on land
- Greenfield: an area of land that has never been built on
Advantages of building on brownfield sites
- Helps revive old and derelict urban areas
- Reduces loss of countryside
- Services such as water pipes are already in place
- Reduces risk of squatter settlements devloping
Disadvantages of building on brownfield sites
- Often more expensive because old building must be cleared
- Higher levels of pollution
- Surrounded by rundown areas
Advantages of building on greenfield sites
- Healthier environment
- Clsoe to countryside and recreation
- Layout isn’t restricted to existing layout
- Relatively cheap
Disadvantages of building on greenfield sites
- Valuable farmland is lost
- Encourages further urban sprawl
- Lack of access to public transport
