Urban Change

Question 1

What 5 ways do cities have to develop as they urbanise?

Answer 1

Economic, Social, Technological, political and Demographic

Question 2

Explain Economic

Answer 2

Cities attract people from rural areas as they offer jobs as they’re better paid. As the urban population increases businesses grow in size and become more profitable. When countries develop, commercial farming takes over as the primary method of food protection. The decline in agricultural jobs drives more people to towns and cities

Question 3

Explain Social

Answer 3

Cities have a higher living standards like schools and hospitals. More people move to a city and the economy grows, it becomes a centre for cultural express with art galleries and museums

Question 4

Explain Technological

Answer 4

The emergence of factories in cities, urban areas become hotspot for technological advancement. In the 19th century Manchester was the 1st industrialised city in the world because of its cotton pressing factories. More recently areas with larger numbers of high tech. industries like silicon valleys. They attract people because they offer specialised and well paid jobs

Question 5

Explain Political

Answer 5

Urban growth may lead to an increased inequality between the rich and poor. A new class emerges, often people from the manufacturing industry. Political reform aims to focus on issues that affect urban life like poor sanitation and quality of housing

Question 6

Explain demographic

Answer 6

Cities become larger and wealthier and attract migrants from all over the world. Urban areas become culturally and ethically diverse. Young people are attracted by jobs and entertainment and raise their families there so cities tend to have a younger population than rural areas

Question 7

What have developed countries experienced since the 1970s?

Answer 7

deindustrialisation, rise of the service economy and decentralisation

Question 8

Explain deindustrailisation

Answer 8

In the 1960s developed countries like Singapore became industrialised. These countries were able to produce cheaper goods because of low. labour costs.; By the 1970s the developed world struggled to keep up leading to the collapse of industries and mass unemployment and poverty. In the UK deindustrialisation caused unemployment to rise above 3 million in 1983.

Question 9

Explain Rise of the Service Economy

Answer 9

During the 1980s many service industries expanded and dominated western economies. These industries are responsible for the majority of economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisation

Question 10

Explain Decentralisation

Answer 10

As land prices in city centres increase, businesses like shops and offices may relocate to suburbs. This leads to the rise of out-of-town retail parks. Decentralisation has caused city centre shops and offices to close, leading to buildings being abandoned and job losses

Question 11

Since 1979 what 4 schemes has the government put in place to improve cities?

Answer 11

• Urban Development Corporations
• Enterprise Zones
• City Challenge
• Partnership schemes

Question 12

What years were the Urban Development Corporations active for?

Answer 12

1979 - 1990s

Question 13

What years were the enterprise zones active for?

Answer 13

1981 - Present

Question 14

What years were the city challenge active for?

Answer 14

1991. • 1997

Question 15

What years were the partnership schemes active for?

Answer 15

2010 - Present

Question 16

Explain Urban Development Corporations?

Answer 16

By 1979, many UK cities were in catastrophic decline. The government created agencies called UDCs, which used the private sector funding to restore derelict land. The 1st UDCs were established in 1981, in the London dockhands and Liverpool.

Question 17

How many UDCs were established in 1993

Answer 17

12 helping to redevelop some of the most rundown areas. However, the UDCs were criticised for ignoring the need of local residents eg - affordable housing

Question 18

Explain Enterprise Zones

Answer 18

In 1981 Ezs were established in areas of high unemployment. Their aim was to attract start up companies to create jobs - they did this by reducing jobs

Question 19

What happened to Ezs by 1990

Answer 19

They had housed over 5000 companies, employing over 125,000 people. However, tax reductions encouraged many existing companies to move their premises and staff to the Exs, which limited the number of jobs created

Question 20

Explain City challenge

Answer 20

The local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas. They worked with the. local community and private companies to improve the physical, economic and social environment of an area

Question 21

In city challenge how was money allocated

Answer 21

They gave it to the projects that benefited the local community. By 1997, over 50,000 jobs had been created and 40,000 houses improved. However, many deprived areas didn’t receive any. money

Question 22

Explain partnership schemes

Answer 22

Since 2010, the government worked with private companies to provide financial support and expertise for urban regeneration.

Question 23

What are the schemes designed for?

Answer 23

To improve physical, economic and social conditions in deprived areas, like building new homes and reducing unemployment

Question 24

Whats an example of a partnership schemes?

Answer 24

Liverpool City Region Local Enterprise Partnership was established in 2012 - it aims to increase business activity in Liverpool and create new jobs