Urban Flashcards
What is a megacity
An urban area (city) with a population of 10 million or more people
A megacity is an urban area (city) that has a population of…million or more people
10
What is a pull factor
Being attracted to a new location for positive reasons
E.g better healthcare, education and job opportunities
What is a push factor
Being forced away from a settlement for negative reasons
E.g lack of employment
Urbanisation meaning
Increase in number of people living in towns and cities
2 main causes of urbanisation
Natural increase
Rural to urban migration
Why rural to urban migration takes place (push and pull factors) in Mumbai
Push- natural disasters, lack of employment, droughts, war and conflict, mechanisation
Pull- increased quality of life, following/ closer to family members, more job opportunities, better education and healthcare
Why birth rate is high in LICs
Lack of contraception/ education on family planning/ people avoiding contraception
Gender inequality- women marry young and have lots of children
Large family sizes (some children die from disease and bad health)
Why people are moving from city to countryside in HICs (push and pull factors)
Push factors- expensive, high crime rate
Pull factors- desire for green space, better technology (people can work at home), improved transport (people can commute to work), more peaceful life (especially for elderly)
Why birth rate is lower in HICs than LICs
Women better educated and better healthcare
Women empowered and in high managerial positions so delay having children (want to pursue their career)
Where is Mumbai located
State of Maharastra
West coast of India
Borders Arabian Sea
Mumbai is located in the state of… on the …coast of India bordering the…Sea
Maharastra, West, Arabian
Why Mumbai is regionally important
Accounts for 40% of total income in Maharastra
Mumbai accounts for…% of total income in Maharastra
40%
Why is Mumbai nationally important
Handles 60% of all India’s trade
Contributes to 33% of all India’s income tax
What % of India’s sea trade does Mumbai handle
60%
(Reason why Mumbai is nationally important)
What % of all India’s income tax does Mumbai contribute towards
33%
Why is Mumbai internationally/ globally important
Has largest number of International companies in Asia e.g Tata
Example of international company in Mumbai
Tata
Why has Mumbai grown in size
Rural to urban migration
Push factors of countryside- poverty (harsh climate makes farming difficult causing poor harvests and lack of food), lack of access to (good) education and healthcare
Pull factors of city (Mumbai)- variety of employment opportunities, higher than average wages, arranged marriages, better access to education, healthcare and basic resources like water and electricity
Social opportunities in Mumbai
Better healthcare, education and access to water and electricity
1000+ primary and secondary schools
Private and public hospitals with improves sanitation levels
Good electricity supply improves quality of life (entertainment/ cooking/ studying at night)
How many primary and secondary schools are there in Mumbai
Over 1000
How good electricity in Mumbai improves quality of life
Used for cooking, entertainment, studying at night…
What is Freiburg a case study of
How to live more sustainably in cities (water conservation, traffic management…)
Sustainable development meaning
Development that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs
Freiburg location and population
South West Germany, near border of France and Switzerland
220,000 (quite small city)
Freiburg population
220,000 (quite small city)
Freiburg location
South West Germany, near border of France and Switzerland
Examples of traffic management in Freiburg
Car transport made inconvenient (max speed of 30km/ hr+ lack of parking + cars banned from city centre)
Cycling made convenient (Cycling highways built + excess bike parking spaces )
70% local journeys made by tram
Explain how Freiburg is sustainable through its green space
40% of city is forested
Trees can absorb CO2+ looks pretty+ increases mental wellbeing
How are Freiburg community involved in making the city sustainable
Young, open minded community of students willing to get involved/ plan/ help environment
Outline Freiburg’s 5 pillar traffic plan
Make car use inconvenient (30km/ hr speed limit)
Divert traffic away from city centre
Limited and expensive parking
Public transport (trams easy and convenient to use)
Bike use (lots of parking and cycling highways)
What % of Freiburg’s population live within 500m of a tram stop
70%
What type of energy are Freiburg trams fuelled by
Renewable
What % of Freiburg is forested
40%
Number of community collection recycling points in Freiburg
350
What is our example of an urban regeneration project
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford
Opportunities provided by regeneration in Stratford
Jobs (economic)- 12,000 long term jobs created
Facilities e.g sports centre for community to use (social)
(Environmental)- polluted water ways cleaned
(Environmental)- Elizabeth park built with 4000 trees
Better transport (£17 million invested)
(Social) Quality of housing improved- Olympic village converted to housing with nearly 10,000 homes built
Why Stratford needed regeneration
Deprivation due to high levels of deindustrialisation (high levels of unemployment, poor education, poor housing, high crime rate, area heavily polluted)
+ during WW2 1/4 of Stratford was destroyed
Newham had the highest unemployment rate in London
How many long term jobs did Stratford regeneration create
12,000
How many trees were planted in the Stratford Queen Elizabeth Olympic park
4,000
How many new homes were built in Stratford from the regeneration project
9,000
Negative impacts of Stratford regeneration project
Many previously living in area forced to move out as could no longer afford it (too expensive)- new apartments £600 more expensive than before
High noise pollution from construction work during project
What is deindustrialisation
Decline in an areas manufacturing industry due to overseas competition where there is cheaper labour (China)
What is a greenfield site
Land that has not been built on before
Land that has not been built on before is called a what site
Greenfield site
Green belt vs greenfield
Green site- land not built on before
Green belt- area of open land around city where building is restricted
Advantage of brownfield sites
Building is contained within limit of urban sprawl- no extra land built on
Disadvantage of brownfield sites
Land often polluted with toxic chemicals that are expensive to decontaminate
2 examples of how urban planning is improving quality of life for people
Slum sanitation project
Dharavi redevelopment project
Was Mumbai’s slum rehabilitation project a ‘top down’ or ‘bottom up’ urban planning approach
Top down (led by government)
What was the plan for Mumbai’s redevelopment project
Rebuild parts of Dharavi slum including better toilet facilities, new shops, offices and homes
What type of housing would the poor be put into in the slum rehabilitation project
Tower block buildings as efficient use of space
However haven’t known to be very successful in the last e.g in London
In the slum rehabilitation project how long must people have been living there to get a free new home
Since 2000
Why were many slum dwellers in Dharavi not keen on the rehabilitation project
Would break up existing communities
Had lack of say in involvement/ plan
Could make slum less safe
What were all people who had been living in Dharavi since 2000 promised as part of the redevelopment plan
A brand new small free house (built in tower blocks)
Wealthy businesses make use of extra space created including building offices and leisure facilities but the process breaks up communities
As part of the slum rehabilitation project why might many people lose their jobs
Factories relocated to outskirts of city- can’t afford/ lack of transport to travel there for work
Who funded the slum sanitation project
World Bank
How much did the slum sanitation project cost
$300 million (part funded by World Bank)
Was the slum sanitation project a success and why/ why not
Yes- involved locals who it would benefit therefore worked together to get what they wanted out of it
Was the slum sanitation project a success and why/ why not
Yes- involved locals who it would benefit therefore worked together to get what they wanted out of it
How many toilets did the slums sanitation project deliver and to how many community toilet blocks
Over 5000 toilets
330 community toilet blocks
True or false, slum communities had a say/ were involved in the slum sanitation project
True
(One of main reasons why it was very successful as locals had a say so could make sure the project suited their community and that they hit what they wanted out of it e,g accessible for disabled)
How was it made sure that the toilets from the slum sanitation project were cleaned and maintained properly
Small fee paid to use toilets which would go to cleaner/ caretaker
How many factories does Dharavi have
15,000
Give one social, economic and environmental challenge of Dharavi
500 people share 1 toilet and open sewers run through slums- poor hygiene, terrible smell, contaminated with waterborne diseases like cholera
68% Mumbaikers employed in informal economy- no job security and poor wages
Heavily polluted water with raw sewage and industrial waste e.g in Mithi River (due to lack of investment in sanitation from government)- destroys ecosystems + bad for locals health as they breathe in toxic chemicals
Ways immigration has had a positive impact on London
Improves quality of shops and entertainment e.g Bangladeshi curry restaurants in Tower Hamlets brings income into area
Makes city more diverse- big companies move there due to lots of high skilled people around (Google have headquarters at Kings Cross)
3 key reasons why urban growth in HICs is slowing down
Lower birth rate- easy access to contraception due to good healthcare + more women have a good education and awareness on contraception + women are empowered in high managerial positions
People work at home- service and technology jobs means people can use the internet to help them work (so don’t need to live in a city in order to work)+ people can commute to work due to a good level of reliable transport
Government restrictions- prevent outward growth of cities so the city is physically stunted by ‘greenbelts’
3 reasons why urban growth in LICs is speeding up
High birth rate- Lack of contraception as people can’t afford it due to low incomes + women may have a lack of awareness on it due to poor education + children serve as economic assets so women have large families
Jobs require people to live in the city- due to lack of efficient and reliable public transport or being able to afford any transport people can’t commute + all jobs require you to physically be there in person e.g market sellers
Poor government regulation- outward city growth not restricted so size of city sprawls
2 types of urban planning approach
Top down (led by government)
Bottom up (led by local people)
Urban planning meaning
Coordinated, organised improvements to a city, its infrastructure, buildings and services
4 products made in Dharavi
Pottery products
Leather garments e.g leather jackets
Plastic goods
Embroided textiles
Informal economy meaning
Unchecked, untaxed, unseen part of the economy (illegal as the government don’t know they exist)
Entrepreneur meaning
People who start up their own business
Ablutions meaning
The act of washing oneself, often in the morning and involving a visit to the toilet
Describe the characteristics of a slum
Poorer area of the city with poorly constructed buildings packed tightly together around alleyways
They are illegal, unplanned settlements with poor sanitation
London location
South East of England
Bordering counties include Surrey (south west), Kent (south East), Essex (north east). Nearest sea is English channel to south
Emigration vs immigration
Emigration = to leave area
Immigration = to move into area
2 reasons why London is important for business and trade
Heart of UK economy (essential for England’s economic well-being and financial sustainability)
International financial centre for Europe and home to many global bank headquarters e.g HSBC in Canary Wharf
Why is London important for education and research
University of London is home to thousands of students including many from around the world
Large number of students attracted to capital so creates huge concentration of advanced knowledge, skills and innovation- in turn attracts international companies like Google who want to employ the graduates
Why is London important for sustainability
40% of city is green space which can absorb CO2 to make up for all the pollution and carbon emissions from traffic etc
Why is London important for leisure and tourism
Tourism brings huge money into the economy including restaurants, galleries, cinemas, museums etc and the money can be spent on improving healthcare, education, new housing developments etc
Why is London important for History, culture and arts
Top attractions like Buckingham Palace and the British Museum attract millions of tourist very year and creates jobs to bring money into the economy
Why is London important for transport and connectivity
Has several major airports like Heathrow which connect to cities all over the world (one of most accessible cities in the world)
Tube lines allow people to efficiently and easily commute to work to boost the economy
What year were the London Olympic Games
2012
Urban greening meaning
The process of increasing and preserving open spaces in urban areas e.g public parks and gardens
4 benefits of green roofs
Improves health and well-being for urban population- aesthetically pleasing so creates happier and healthier community- can make people more productive to work
Plants absorb CO2c reduces greenhouse effect and also makes air cleaner from pollution improving physical health
Reduces amount of rainfall that runs off roofs and into drains- reduces flooding/ sewage coming out of drains
Reduces the urban heat island effect
Advantages of greenfield sites
No clean up cost of developing the site
Site is often large and uniform in shape, easy to access + cheaper to design development on
Disadvantages of greenfield sites
Green belt planning laws can make it hard to get planning permission
What is a commuter settlement
Towns and villages surrounding major cities where people live and can commute to work from e.g Reading
3 benefits of Reading (London’s commuter settlement)
Train station- easy access into London
Lots of green space- pleasant living environment
Good facilities e.g schools
3 negatives of Reading (London’s commuter settlement)
Causes increase in house prices (unaffordable for young people)
Commuting can be bad for mental health (stressful and frustrating as takes time and there are often delays)
Become Ghost Towns during day
1 social benefit of cross rail project
Reduced congestion- better for mental well-being as less frustration etc
Potential benefits of slum rehabilitation project
More efficient use of space so more rooms for jobs so more people can get a source of income
Improve quality of life for those who can afford the luxury homes
3 reasons for inequality between Kensington and Chelsea and Tower Hamlets
Wealthy International Migrants like Russians and Arabs have settled into Kensington and Chelsea and are well educated
Kensington and Chelsea is near the London Residences of the King so wealthier and more powerful people want to be near the royalties (leads to social segregation)
Kensington and Chelsea borders Hyde Park which attracts people to live there making house prices rise (good for health and well-being)
