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GCSE Geography > Economic Geography > Flashcards

Economic Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of ways to measure development of a country

A

GNI/ GDP per head
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality
Life expectancy
People per doctor
Literacy rate
Access to safe water
HDI

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2
Q

What does HDI stand for

A

Human development index

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3
Q

HDI focuses on what 2 aspects of a country’s development

A

Social and economic

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4
Q

What does GNI per head stand for

A

Gross National income per head

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5
Q

What does GDP per head stand for

A

Gross domestic product per head

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6
Q

GNI/ GDP per head meaning

A

Gross national income/ Gross domestic product per head
(Average wealth- can be used as a measure of a country’s development)

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7
Q

Simple vs composite measure of development

A

Simple only consists of 1 thing, composite consists of more than 1

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8
Q

What is the only composite measure of development

A

HDI

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9
Q

What scale is used to measure HDI

A

0-1
0 is hell
1 is heaven

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10
Q

How does HDI measure wealth

A

GNI per capita

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11
Q

How does HDI measure education

A

Mean years in school

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12
Q

How does HDI measure health

A

Life expectancy

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13
Q

Development meaning

A

The economic and social progress and improvement of a country, (often measured by standard of living and quality of life)

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14
Q

Type of measure that focuses on multiple aspects of development at the same time

A

Composite
(Single only focuses on 1 certain aspect of development e.g economic/ social)

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15
Q

Relationship between GDP per head and infant mortality rate

A

As GDP (wealth) increases, infant mortality rate decreases

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16
Q

5 causes of uneven development

A

Diseases
Colonialism
Lack of/ poor government
Physical geography
Weather and climate

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17
Q

What is colonialism

A

The control of countries by another country
E.g where the British Empire took over Nigeria

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18
Q

How colonialism causes uneven development

A

British Empire take over Nigeria and exploit their natural resources like oil in order to make money.
Means UK are more developed as they have more money whilst Nigeria who are being exploited are less developed as they have less money

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19
Q

How does climate and weather cause uneven development

A

Tropical climates make work physically harder + harder for agricultural production therefore making theses countries less developed as they can’t generate as much income or produce as much food

Floods- disrupts economy + money spent on damage
Droughts- increased health issues and death rate + water shortages
Lack of rainfall- fewer water resources so more time and money spent on obtaining them

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20
Q

How physical geography causes uneven development

A

Landlocked countries may find it harder to trade due to not having borders with the sea where they can import and export to other countries more easily by ship to generate money and gain resources

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21
Q

How a lack of/ poor government causes uneven development

A

Corruption means less infrastructure in place, lack of education (for people to get well paid jobs and make more money in future), inability to invest, debt owed to other countries, conflict (country not working together/ can’t take advantage of foreign support)

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22
Q

Limitation of using GNI per head to measure development

A

Doesn’t take into account health/ education/ social development e.g human rights as only looks at economic aspect of development
Doesn’t include money made from informal economies which can be a huge amount e.g in India

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23
Q

4 Limitations of using infant mortality rate/ life expectancy/ people per doctor/ literacy rate/ access to safe water to measure development

A

Only directly measure one aspect of development not development as a whole as a country may be really developed in one aspect e.g wealth but not so much in another e.g social (human rights) like Qatar

Values used are only an average and don’t reflect variations that occur as a country isn’t necesssrily develop led to the same extent in different areas

Data can be unreliable/ out of date

Corrupt governments may falsify date to avoid embarrassment making it inaccurate

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24
Q

2 limitations of using HDI to measure development

A

Complex- may be hard to get all 3 values
Some aspects still missed off e.g social (human rights) and environmental

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25
Q

Characteristics of stage 1 of demographic transition model

A

High birth rate (but fluctuating e.g from disease/ famine/ war)
High death rate (but fluctuating e.g from disease/ famine/ war)
Total population fairly low and stable

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26
Q

Why might the birth and death rate be slightly fluctuating in stage 1 of demographic transition model

A

Disease/ famine/ war

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27
Q

Characteristics of stage 2 of the demographic transition model

A

Death rate decreases
Birth rate remains high
Population increases

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28
Q

Which is higher in stage 2 of the DTM death rate or birth rate

A

Birth rate
Birth rate remains high
Death rate decreases

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29
Q

Why does population increase in stage 2 of the DTM

A

Birth rate stays high
Death rate decreases

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30
Q

Characteristics of stage 3 of the DTM

A

Birth rate rapidly drops
Death rate still decreases but at slower rate
Overall population increases but not as fast a rate

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31
Q

Characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM

A

Low birth rate (fluctuating e.g depending on economic situation)
Low death rate (fluctuating)
Population high and fairly stable

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32
Q

Characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM

A

Birth rate very low and falls below death rate
Death rate increases slightly due to aging population
Total population starts to decrease

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33
Q

At which stages of the DTM is population increasing

A

2 and 3
(3 is at a slower rate)

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34
Q

At which stages of the DTM is total population pretty stable

A

1 (overall low) and 4 (overall high)

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35
Q

At what stage of the DTM does population start to decrease

A

Stage 5

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36
Q

What 2 stages of the DTM have a high birth rate

A

1 and 2

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37
Q

In what stage of the DTM does birth rate drop rapidly

A

3

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38
Q

At what stages of the DTM is birth rate low

A

4 and 5

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39
Q

At what 2 stages of the DTM does death rate decrease

A

2 and 3

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40
Q

At what 2 stages of the DTM is death rate low

A

4 and 5 (but at 5 it’s slowly increasing due to aging population)

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41
Q

At what stage of the DTM is death rate high

A

1

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42
Q

Name 8 strategies used to reduce the development gap

A

Aid
Dept relief
Fairtrade
Micro finance
Industrial development
Tourism
Foreign investment
Intermediate technology

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43
Q

What is meant by industrial development

A

The change in a country’s economy (growth of manufacturing) leading to the multiplier effect and development

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44
Q

Nigeria location

A

Nigeria is located in West Africa in the northern hemisphere, just north of the equator and borders Chile (East), Benin (West) and the Atlantic ocean (south)

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45
Q

What does the green on Nigeria’s national flag represent

A

Natural wealth

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46
Q

What does the white on Nigerias national flag represent

A

Peace and unity

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47
Q

Is Nigeria an LIC, NEE or HIC

A

NEE

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48
Q

Nigeria life expectancy

A

53 years

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49
Q

Nigeria GNI per head

A

$5,200

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50
Q

Nigeria population

A

210 million

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51
Q

Containerisation meaning

A

System of transporting and storing goods globally using standard sized containers and container ships

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52
Q

Quota meaning

A

A limit on the number of something
E.g limit on number of goods that can be traded between countries

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53
Q

3 things that make successful industrial development (increase in manufacturing to help economic and overall development)

A

1) TNCs- being able to attract big businesses to set up factories in your country and kickstart industrialism through bringing expertise into the country e.g Nike to Singapore (more people then gain skills and reliable income so that they can set up their own businesses and the process repeats with more and more people gaining incomes and high skills)

2) physical location (Being able to trade easily and successfully) e.g having good sea port in middle of shipping route like Singapore

3) Business is easy to do- Government can encourage capitalism through their laws and policies

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54
Q

2 negative consequences of industrial development (growth of manufacturing in economy)

A

(Environmental) Factory pollution e.g CO2 released - greenhouse gas so contributes to global warming and climate change
(Social) Workers rights- often working long 16hr shifts

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55
Q

What effect does industrial development lead to

A

Multiplier effect

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56
Q

1 country that developed through industrial development

A

Singapore

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57
Q

What development strategy did Singapore use to become one of the wealthiest countries in the world

A

Industrial development (economy becoming more manufacturing based, but this was heavily supported by foreign investment- see brackets)

(TNCs like Nike set up factories in Singapore and were attracted by Singapore being in a good physical location with easy access to trading routes by ship. Local people became employed and learnt expertise, skills and earnt a reliable income. These people then had enough money and skills to set up their own successful business to employ even more people so even more people could generate a high income)

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58
Q

Why did Singapore appeal to TNCs like Nike to set up their own factories there (foreign investment)

A

Amazing trade location so they’d be able to make lots of money easily
(Singapore is in the middle of the Malacca Strait)

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59
Q

One key TNC that helped Singapore develop through industrial development and foreign investment and foreign investment

A

Nike

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60
Q

How did Singapore develop through industrial development and foreign investment

A

Singapore government encouraged jobs to become more based off industry (manufacturing) instead of infrastructure (industrial development)

Nike (TNC) was attracted to Singapore due to its amazing trading location so they knew they would be able to make lots of money there and set up factories (this is foreign investment because Nike are putting money into setting up their factories in another country)
They employed local people and shared their expertise and knowledge
Local people were able to gain valuable skills and reliable income
With the skills they learnt and enough money local people could go and set up their own businesses
Process keeps on repeating with more and more people getting employed, getting a reliable income, gaining valuable skills etc

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61
Q

What is the Malacca Strait and why is it good for Singapore

A

Major shipping route between India and China that passes through Singapore
Means it is very easy for Singapore to trade with other countries and make money (is why Nike were attracted to set up factories in Singapore)

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62
Q

Name for major shipping trading route Singapore is located on

A

Malacca Strait

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63
Q

What is micro finance

A

The management of money including investing/ borrowing/ lending on a very small scale
(Doesn’t always have to be money e.g they used pigs in the Pigs for peace project)

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64
Q

An example of micro finance is in the ….. where the Pigs for Peace project took place

A

Democratic Republic of Congo

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65
Q

Where did the Pigs for a peace project take place

A

Democratic Republic of Congo

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66
Q

What micro finance project took place in the Democratic Republic of Congo

A

Pigs for Peace

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67
Q

What was the Pigs for Peace project in the Democratic Republic of Congo

A

Female rural villagers were given a loan in the form of a pregnant pig (could ‘borrow’ the pig)
The villagers could sell the pig for money/ kill them for food/ breed them to make even more money
In this process they could kickstart their own farming business through the small amount of money they had made and then buy other animals like cows
It increased their standard of living because they could spend the income on sanitation/ sending their children to school etc

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68
Q

Benefits of Pigs for Peace project for female rural villagers who were given the pregnant pig

A

Improved standard of living as could spend income on sanitation/ sending children to school etc
Improved women’s confidence
Improved food security
Women given valuable training on how to care for animals
Women able to build own farming business

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69
Q

Limitations of Pigs for Peace project

A

Only small scale- not all women given pigs so not everyone who needed it benefitted from it
There were so many pigs that their price decreased as people no longer wanted to buy them
Theft occurred

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70
Q

True or false, in micro finance the only thing that can be lent/ borrowed/ invested is money

A

False
It can be skills/ objects/ information too etc
E.g in the Pigs for Peace Project it was pigs not money

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71
Q

One key example of micro finance taking place

A

Pigs for Peace Project in the Republic of Congo

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72
Q

6 types of aid

A

Short term emergency
Multi- lateral
Bi- lateral
Tied/ conditional aid
Long term aid
Charitable aid

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73
Q

What is meant by short term aid

A

Emergency help given immediately, usually in response to a natural disaster

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74
Q

Benefit and negative of short term aid

A

Benefit- without the aid many people may not have survived
Negative- people become dependent on food aid

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75
Q

Which type of aid is emergency help given immediately usually in response to a natural disaster

A

Short term aid

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76
Q

What is multi- lateral aid

A

Money given to organisations like World Bank by richer governments

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77
Q

What type of aid is money given to organisations like World Bank by richer governments

A

Multi- lateral

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78
Q

Example of Multi- lateral aid in place

A

Slum sanitation project as it was part funded by USAID

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79
Q

What is Bi- lateral aid

A

Aid from one country/ government to another

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80
Q

What type of aid is aid given from one government/ country to another

A

Bi- lateral

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81
Q

What is tied/ conditional aid

A

Aid given with certain conditions

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82
Q

Name for aid that’s given with certain conditions

A

Tied/ conditional aid

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83
Q

What is long term aid

A

Sustainable aid designed to improve resillience and help the host country to develop

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84
Q

Type of aid that’s sustainable aid designed to improve the resillience of the host country

A

Long term aid

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85
Q

What is charitable aid

A

Donations generated from the public

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86
Q

Examples of forms of aid

A

Money
Food supplies
Shelter/ emergency supplies
Skills
Wells/ toilets

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87
Q

What is intermediate technology

A

Using equipment and techniques that are suitable for people in LICs to use

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88
Q

1 key example of intermediate technology

A

Hippo rollers- barrels of water with long handles on

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89
Q

How does hippo rollers (intermediate technology) reduce the development gap

A

Hippo rollers are barrels of water with long handles on so that they can easily be carried
Is effective because it’s easier and quicker to collect water as it’s less heavy than carrying a bucket of water on their head
So less time is spent collecting water and more time can be spent working to generate an income which can be spent on food/ water etc for a better standard of living
It is also less physically demanding so requires less energy and effort.

Their money can also be spent on goods to help certain sections of the economy grow (multiplier effect)

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90
Q

Name for intermediate technology which involves a barrel of water with a long handle on

A

Hippo roller

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91
Q

Why is intermediate technology better than high tech equipment in LICs

A

People don’t have the knowledge/ skills of how to use high tech equipment like tractors so they would probably break/ cause injury

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92
Q

Why does Jamaica need tourism

A

It has suffered from slow growth, dept and high unemployment for a long time

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93
Q

What is the main source of employment in Jamaica

A

Tourism

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94
Q

How many jobs does tourism provide for people in Jamaica

A

200,000 jobs

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95
Q

Examples of jobs people can have in Jamaica through tourism

A

Transport and tourist attractions (cruise ship driver, bus driver…), shops (person at till, person who makes goods to be sold), Manufacturing, banking, cleaners, hotel staff

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96
Q

How can the income tourism creates in Jamaica further boost the economy

A

People spend their income in shops, services and recreation to generate even more income for others
Those employed learn new skills to be able to get better paid jobs in the future

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97
Q

Environmental benefits of tourism

A

Environment is cleaned up to make the area more attractive and appealing to tourists which improves health as it’s more hygienic (less rubbish/ sewage on streets)

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98
Q

Why does tourism improve water and sanitation

A

Good sewage systems and piped clean water is put in place to ensure tourists have a good stay
Good for tourists but also good for locals who live there and can use the clean water to cook/ clean/ eat etc improving quality of life

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99
Q

What are HIPCs

A

Heavily indebted poor countries
(Poor countries that are in a lot of debt)

100
Q

Name for poor countries that are in a lot of debt

A

Heavily indebted poor countries
(HIPCs)

101
Q

What is meant by debt relief

A

When debt is cancelled out so poor countries no longer have to pay back the debt they owe
Instead they can spend the money on improving infrastructure etc

102
Q

How many cruise ship passengers does Jamaica receive a year

A

2.5 million

103
Q

What is Jamaica a case study of

A

How tourism can reduce the development gap

104
Q

What is meant by Fairtrade

A

Where a product is made in a way that ensures the producer gets a fair price and that no one is exploited

105
Q

3 key aspects of Fairtrade

A

Fair wages (have minimum price so are guaranteed certain amount of money)
Fair working conditions
Fair trade premium (extra money for a cooperative of farmers to invest into their community)

106
Q

How does Fairtrade reduce the development gap

A

Fairtrade produces farmers and workers with fair wages, working conditions and prices by any Fairtrade item e.g bananas/ chocolate having the Fairtrade stamp on and being sold at a higher price. This higher price that the customer pays allows the farmer to receive a small profit which can be used to pay for nutritious food/ clean drinking water etc to improve their standard of living. They can also use the money to attend better education so that they will then be able to get a better well- paid job. The multiplier effect then occurs because they revive more money so they can start spending this money on better healthcare etc

107
Q

Name for one key attraction in Jamaica on north coast

A

Ocho Rios
(Has white sand beaches, good night life, all inclusive luxury resorts)

108
Q

One ‘flaw’ of tourism helping economy in Jamaica

A

Some money leaks back to TNCs e.g cruise companies

109
Q

3 main reasons UK economy has changed

A

De- industrialisation
Globalisation
Government policies

110
Q

3 key reasons why UK has undergone deindustrialisation

A

Developments in technology- people no longer needed for manufacturing as machines can do the work
Competition from overseas- some big manufacturing companies like Peugeot can’t compete with the cheaper labour in China and Malaysia
Growth in tertiary and quaternary employment

111
Q

3 Government policies that have contributed to the changing UK economy

A

Nationalisation
Privatisation
Economic rebalancing

112
Q

Which Prime Minister supported Nationalisation

A

Clement Attlee

113
Q

Which Prime Minister supported Privitisation

A

Margaret Thatcher

114
Q

Which prime Minister supported economic rebalancing

A

Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak

115
Q

What government policy did Clement Attlee have

A

Nationalisation

116
Q

Which government policy did Margaret Thatcher have

A

Privatisation

117
Q

Which government policy did Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak have

A

Economic rebalancing

118
Q

What is meant by nationalisation

A

When the government takes ownership of some key businesses and runs them for the benefit of the country
(Government buys and runs businesses)

119
Q

Government policy where the government takes ownership of some key businesses and runs them for the benefit of the country

A

Nationalisation

120
Q

One downside of nationalisation

A

Companies don’t always provide effective services as the Government will support them no matter what

121
Q

Companies won’t always provide effective services as the government will support them no matter what is a downside to which government policy

A

Nationalisation

122
Q

What is privatisation

A

When a business that is owned by the government (nationalisation) is sold to an individual to run privately themselves

123
Q

Government policy where a business that is owned by the government is sold to an individual to run privately themselves

A

Privatisation

124
Q

What is economic rebalancing

A

Changing the economy to one that’s more varied and balanced and isn’t dependent on just one industry or region (e.g not just dependent on the tertiary (services) sector)

125
Q

Government policy involving changing the economy to one that’s more varied and balanced and isn’t dependent on just one industry or region

A

Economic rebalancing

126
Q

What is a private shareholder

A

Anyone that can buy a (tiny) part of a company

127
Q

3 government policies to try and rebalance the economy

A

More investment into manufacturing industries
Encourage global firms to locate within the UK
Improve transport infrastructure

128
Q

What is globalisation

A

The process of creating a more connected world with international movement of people, goods and ideas

129
Q

Globalisation is the process of creating a more connected world with international movement of what 3 things

A

Movement, people, goods

130
Q

Examples of globalisation in culture

A

TVs allow people to see what others have in different parts of the world and can be influenced by them
Goods/ services are altered to meet the wants and needs of local communities e.g McDonalds primarily selling veggie burgers in India

131
Q

Examples of globalisation in politics

A

UN is a global, universal organisation that brings countries together
Global governance is where multiple nations act together in matters that effect the entire world

E.g The Paris Agreement where 195 countries met to discuss ways to help limit contribution to climate change to improve environmental situation

132
Q

Examples of globalisation in social aspects

A

Globalisation allows fashion/ music/ news and more to travel quickly around the world
Social media drives international connection between friends and family
Transport advancements allow more people to travel/ migrate/ connect

133
Q

Globalisation examples in economics

A

Better transport enables global trade like container ships
TNCs import and export across borders
E.g McDonalds operates in 119 countries

134
Q

How many different countries does McDonalds operate in

A

119

135
Q

3 reasons why industrial developments in the UK are less polluting than inLICs/ NEEs

A

Stricter government regulations
Wealth
Educated public

136
Q

Why does stricter government regulations mean industrial development in the UK is less polluting than in LICs/ NEEs

A

Strict rules are put in place to prevent pollution and organisations like The Environment Agency police the area

137
Q

Certain organisations like what police the area to help prevent pollution in industrial developments in the UK

A

The Environment Agency

138
Q

Why does the UK’s wealth mean industrial developments here are less polluting than in LICs/ NEEs

A

We can invest in cleaner technology including switching to renewable energy and put desulphurisation in place (sulphur dioxide is cleaned out of gas emissions)

139
Q

Why does an educated public mean industrial developments in the UK are less polluting than in LICs/ NEEs

A

An educated public will protest against environmental polluters and put pressure on businesses and government to not pollute or else they may boycott the business

140
Q

An example of a modern industrial development in the UK that’s more environmentally sustainable

A

Nestle

141
Q

Where is Nestle located

A

In Fawdon, on the outskirt of Newcastle upon Tyne, North of England on the East Coast

142
Q

Nestlé is located in F…

A

Fawdon

143
Q

Nestlé is located in Fawdon on the outskirts of…

A

Newcastle Upon Tyne

144
Q

How many strategies did Nestle use to ensure their industrial development was environmentally sustainable

A

3

145
Q

What is Nestle a mini case study of

A

How modern industrial developments are becoming more environmentally sustainable

146
Q

What do Nestle Manufacture

A

Confectionary e.g rolo, matchmakers, toffee crisp, fruit pastels, munchies

147
Q

What 3 strategies did Nestle use to ensure their industrial development was environmentally sustainable

A

Anaerobic digester
Solar panels
Greener transport

148
Q

How are Nestle using greener transport

A

Encourage employees to switch to EVs
Provide on site EV charging points
Partner with Nissan to provide discounts on EVs
Have switched company vehicles to EVs/ hybrid

149
Q

Nestlé encourage employees to switch to which type of vehicle

A

Electric vehicles (EVs)

150
Q

Nestlé encourage employees to switch to EVs by doing what 2 things

A

Providing on site charging points
Partner with Nissan to get discounts on EVs

151
Q

How does the anaerobic digester work in Nestle

A

Residue (unwanted crumbly bits of chocolate + waste water) is processed to make a chocolate soup
Chocolate soup put in huge tank with bacteria that feed on it and break it down into natural gas, a cleaner liquid and solid
Gas burnt to generate 6% of their electricity

152
Q

What is the residue for the anaerobic digester in Nestle

A

Unwanted crumbly bits of chocolate + waste water

153
Q

What % of electricity does the anaerobic generator in Nestle generate (methane is obtained at the end of the process)

A

6%

154
Q

Nestlé has the largest what installation in the North East of England

A

Solar panel installation

155
Q

Who has the largest solar panel installation in the north east of England

A

Nestlé

156
Q

Nestlé has the largest solar panel installation in the…

A

North East if England

157
Q

Surrey Research park contributes to over what % of Guildfords economy

A

10%

158
Q

How many businesses are on Surrey Research Park

A

203

159
Q

What is a science Park

A

A collection of scientific and technical knowledge- based businesses located on a single site

160
Q

What makes Surrey Research appealing for employees

A

Attractive environment- located next to forested area, also boosts wellbeing and makes a food picnic spot
Located right next to Surrey Sports Park- workers can benefit from their facilities
Easy access- located just off A3 road
Very close to Guildford town centre
Very close to supermarket
Very close to Surrey University- appealing to graduates and the 2 can work close together

161
Q

What is meant by the North- South divide

A

The cultural and economic differences between the North and South of the UK
The south is generally more developed with higher standards of living, longer life expectancy, higher income, higher house prices and more congestion but less happiness than the South

162
Q

Which out of the North and South of the UK is generally more developed

A

South

163
Q

Why is there a north- south divide in the UK

A

During the Industrial Revolution, the UK’s growth centred around the North e.g Manchester with heavy industries like coal fields and engineering thriving there
Since the 1970s many of these industries have declined leading to unemployment

Meanwhile London and the South East have developed rapidly due to a fast growing service sector with London being a major global financial centre

164
Q

Why the North of the UK is less developed

A

Relied on heavy industries like coalfields and engineering to generate lots of income e.g in Manchester
Since 1970s these industries have declined leading to unemployment

165
Q

Why might coalfields have declined in the North e.g in Manchester since the 1970s

A

Alternative sources of energy have been introduced so no longer have demand for them

166
Q

London is well developed due to a fast growing what sector

A

Service sector

167
Q

Average house price in North compared to south of UK

A

South is nearly double North

168
Q

What is an enterprise zone

A

Areas where businesses group together to benefit from better services

169
Q

What is a local enterprise partnership (LEP)

A

Partnership between business and councils to support business needs

170
Q

An LEP is a partnership between who and who to support business needs

A

Businesses and councils

171
Q

2 places money has come from to support the north

A

Foreign investment
UK governmnet

172
Q

Name for government strategy hoping to financially support the north and reduce north south divide

A

Northern Powerhouse

173
Q

What is the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ strategy and how will it help reduce the north- south divide

A

Where government will coordinate investment of money to develop the wealth and influence of London and the south across the north +develop economies of major northern cities (Liverpool/ Manchester)

174
Q

Why will improving transport infrastructure help support the North

A

HS2 high speed rail service into London means people can access high paid jobs more easily and quickly to increase their wealth

175
Q

How will improving internet speeds help support the north

A

More productive working from home and flexible working
Businesses can sell service products and market them more easily
More appealing to businesses to locate somewhere with good internet access- faster and productive communications + selling of products

176
Q

When did post industrial economies emerge in the UK

A

1970s

177
Q

Post industrial economy meaning (has happened in UK since 1970s)

A

Period of growth following decline of manufacturing where economy shifts to being based around services, information and research including developing into the quaternary sector

178
Q

A post industrial economy is the period of growth following the decline of what

A

Manufacturing

179
Q

A post industrial economy shifts to being based around what 3 things

A

Services
Information
Research

180
Q

4 key improvements/ new developments in transport

A

A303 (development in roads)
HS2 (development in rail)
Heathrow (expansion of airports)
L2 Docks (expansion of Ports)

181
Q

4 reasons why rural landscapes are changing

A

Counter urbanisation (more people living in rural areas)
European immigration (more people living in rural areas + they take up jobs)
Economic changes (e.g growth of tourism, decrease in farming)
Ageing population (means there are more elderly based services like care homes)

182
Q

Rural area facing population growth in UK

A

South Cambridgeshire

183
Q

Rural area facing population decline in the UK

A

Outer Hebrides

184
Q

Why South Cambridgeshire population is increasing

A

People move out of Cambridge and London to countryside to enjoy different pace of life

185
Q

Why The Outer Hebrides population is decreasing

A

Outward migration- people move away in search of better paid employment

186
Q

2 social impacts of increasing population in South Cambridgeshire

A

80% of people in area own cars and depend on them for transport- more congestion
Greater ethnic diversity

Wealthy people move out of London (including elderly people) leading to gentrification so the area becomes a grey pound with more money being spent on high quality services and entertainment e.g cinemas and restaurants so improves people’s quality of life making them happier and giving them better mental well-being and happiness

187
Q

2 economic impacts of increasing population in South Cambridgeshire

A

Greater demand for leisure and recreational facilities e.g gold course so more employment opportunities available
Large number of elderly people with pensions/ retirement money can spend it to boost local economy- ‘grey pound’ so opportunity for entrepreneurs to start businesses
This also means that house prices increase so some people have to move out of the area as they can no longer afford to live there

188
Q

1 social impact of population decline in Outer Hebrides

A

Growth in proportion of elderly people living in area- creates a more peaceful and cheaper living environment

As services close down because there is no longer the demand for them so young people move elsewhere to find jobs

189
Q

2 economic impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides

A

Younger people leave area for better education and more employment opportunities (less working age people around to take on jobs)
Local services like primary schools and playgrounds forced to close down as no longer a demand for them

190
Q

Aim for A3O3 road development

A

Widen road to reduce traffic congestion and increase productivity

191
Q

Name for where local villages near Stone Henge are used as route for diverted traffic

A

Rat Runs

192
Q

Cost of A3O3 road development

A

£2 billion

193
Q

Facts about A3O3 road development

A

Widen A3O3 to reduce traffic congestion and increase productivity
Single carriageway becomes dual carriageway
Costs £2 billion
Creates hundreds of construction jobs
3km tunnel dug beneath Stone Henge
CPO- some forced to sell their homes
Local villages no longer used as ‘rat run’ for diverted traffic
Major disruption

194
Q

Facts about Heathrow airport expansion

A

3rd runway to be built opening 2026
Noise concerns from locals over new runway
Increase passenger numbers so more tourism and easier to do business
Promote London as global transport hub
Cargo increases- better imports and exports
More CO2 emissions
Creates 180,000 new jobs/ apprenticeships

195
Q

Plan for Heathrow airport expansion

A

Build 3rd runway opening 2026

196
Q

When is Heathrow 3rd runway meant to open

A

2026

197
Q

Key reason Heathrow 3rd Runway is still to be built

A

Environmental concerns as will lead to huge CO2 emissions
+ covid saw less people travelling

198
Q

How many jobs/ apprenticeships will Heathrow airport expansion create

A

180,000

199
Q

Where is L2 Docks

A

Liverpool

200
Q

Who is head of the Commonwealth

A

King Charles 3rd (current King)

201
Q

Year Commonwealth was formed

A

1949

202
Q

How many countries are part of the Commonwealth

A

56

203
Q

Purpose/ mission of Commonwealth

A

Developed Nations like the UK help support nations impacted by colonial empires to advance socially, economically and improve human rights

204
Q

How do the Commonwealth promote sports

A

Commonwealth Games every 4 years

205
Q

Country that’s head of Commonwealth

A

UK

206
Q

Examples of countries part of Commonwealth

A

UK, New Zealand, Australia, India, Nigeria…

207
Q

What does BREXIT stand for

A

British exit of the EU

208
Q

3 key arguments for BREXIT (why we should leave the EU)

A

Put in more than we get out
England blamed for lots of problems
High membership cost including cost if bureaucracy- we have little control over where the money goes

209
Q

3 key arguments arguments against BREXIT (why we shouldn’t leave)

A

Prevents wars
Sense of loyalty (feel part of EU)
Macro- economic (large scale) benefits

210
Q

What does the EU stand for

A

Economic Union

211
Q

What is an economic Union

A

A group of countries who trade freely with each other in a common market with no tariffs/ quotas/ complicated restrictions.
Member countries have common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of good, services, people and money and a common trade policy with countries outside of the Union

212
Q

Year UK joined EU

A

1973

213
Q

What is the UK’s national airline and how does it help the UK connect to the wider world

A

BA (British Airways)
Travels to countries all across the world with the furthest destination being in South America
We can share diversity and culture + it makes it easy for business trade and tourism helping the economy

214
Q

What is the demographic transition model

A

A model that shows how birth and death rate as well as total population of a country change over time (it has 5 stages)

215
Q

Yoruba meaning

A

Ethnic group of Nigeria- over 50% of population belong to it

216
Q

Name for ethnic group of Nigeria that over 50% of the population belong to

A

Yoruba

217
Q

What is Boko Haram

A

Islamic fundamentalist group located in North Nigeria
(Terrorist organisation)

218
Q

Name for Islamic Fundamentalist group (terrorist group) located in North Nigeria

A

Boko Haram

219
Q

What is ECOWAS

A

The economic community of West African states (a trading group of countries that includes Nigeria)

220
Q

Name for trading group of countries in West Africa that includes Nigeria

A

ECOWAS
(economic community of west African states)

221
Q

3 key reasons why Nigeria is regionally important (important to Africa)

A

Wealthiest member of ECOWAS (trading group in West Africa)- economically important
Largest film industry in Africa (Nollywood)- culturally important
Nigeria has over 19 million cattle (the largest number in Africa)- good for economy and food security

222
Q

2 key reasons why Nigeria is globally important

A

Provides 2.5% of world’s oil
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions in the world (trying to maintain international peace and security across the world)

223
Q

What is Nigerias climate/ physical geography like

A

Tropical grassland (centre)
Sahara desert in very north east tip
Rainforest in south

Low rainfall, cattle grazed, grow crops like cotton

South
Little cattle due to tsetse fly
Lots of Forest with crops grown like cocoa
High rainfall and temperatures

224
Q

Which part of Nigeria has most cattle and why

A

North
South suffers with tsetse fly which transmits a lethal parasite

225
Q

Which part of Nigeria is Semi- desert (on edge of Saharan desert)

A

North East tip

226
Q

Compare crops grown in north to south of Nigeria

A

North= cotton
South= cocoa

227
Q

Which part of Nigeria has more rainfall, north or south

A

South

228
Q

Nigeria’s economy has changed from being primarily based off what to becoming more equally based off what

A

Agriculture
Agriculture, services and industry (manufacturing)

229
Q

4 key benefits of the growth of manufacturing in Nigeria (this leads to economic development)

A

As Industries grow- more employed so tax increases and Government can invest into healthcare, education, infrastructure etc

Growing manufacturing sector attracts foreign investment- stimulates further economic growth as as people with great knowledge and expertise are brought into the country and can pass these on to Nigerians to kickstart their own business

Producing more manufacturing goods means less need to import foreign goods- is cheaper

Improves standard of living, not just through having more money but through the products produced e.g cement which is a stronger housing material

230
Q

4 key things that attract TNCs like Shell to set up factories in Nigeria and increase the manufacturing sector

A

Lack of environmental laws
Cheap labour (workers get paid less)
Cheap (and lots of) raw materials
Tax free incentive (have to pay less tax to Nigeria for having their business there compared to in other countries)

231
Q

What is a TNC (Transnational corporation)

A

A large company operating across 2 or more countries

232
Q

2 advantages of TNC (Shell) operating in host country (Nigeria)

A

Creates employment- provides employment for 2700 people in Nigeria
Provides energy for the 75% of the population that aren’t connected to the National grid and otherwise wouldn’t get electricity etc

233
Q

2 disadvantages of TNC (Shell) operating in host country (Nigeria)

A

TNCs take advantage of weak environmental regulations and pollute environment- oil spills from pipelines cause water contamination and contaminate soils- harms ecosystems + reduces agricultural production + reduces fishing yield in Niger Delta

Nigeria don’t receive the profits, instead they are returned to the UK (country of origin)- when Nigeria get the oil they don’t have the refineries in place to be able to process the oil into petrol and diesel. Instead they send the oil back to the UK etc for this to be done but get given it back at a much higher price

234
Q

What is meant by trade balance

A

The difference between imports and exports in trading
(E.g if more is exported (sold) than they import then the country will make a profit known as trade surplus but if they import more than they are able to export they will lose money (trade deficit))

235
Q

Trade deficit vs trade surplus

A

Trade deficit = a country imports more than it exports (buys more than it sells so loses money)
Trade surplus= a country exports more than they import (sell more than they buy so make money)

236
Q

Is Nigeria in a trade deficit or surplus

A

Deficit (more imported than exported)

237
Q

One key example of how aid helped Nigeria to develop

A

Nets for life project

238
Q

What was the ‘nets for life project’ in Nigeria

A

Nigeria received multi- lateral aid in the form of mosquito nets to help prevent illness from malaria

239
Q

How many nets did the ‘nets for life’ programme in Nigeria provide

A

63 million

240
Q

Limitations of aid given in ‘nets for life project’ in Nigeria (2 mosquito nets per household + education on how to use them)

A

Not everyone got a nets only 80% of population and 2 per household
Don’t prevent day time bites
Nets can become damaged making them less effective
Could cause skin irritation/ allergic reaction

241
Q

Example of one of the 3 organisations that provided multi- lateral aid to Nigeria via the ‘nets for life’ project

A

World Bank

242
Q

What development strategy is Shell in Nigeria an example of

A

Foreign investment

243
Q

A local enterprise business (LEP) is where businesses partner with councils to…

A

Meet the business needs

244
Q

A local enterprise business (LEP) is where businesses partner with councils to…

A

Meet the business needs

245
Q

What is it called where people are forced by government to sell their homes e.g in A303 road development

A

CPO

246
Q

What is it called where people are forced by government to sell their homes e.g in A303 road development

A

CPO

GCSE Geography (11 decks)

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