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GCSE Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

The river starts at the what

A

Source

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2
Q

The river ends at the what

A

Mouth

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3
Q

The hydrological cycle shows how water is what

A

Stored and moves around the environment
(Shows the continuous circulation of water)

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4
Q

Name for when water moves through soil

A

Percolation

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5
Q

What is percolation

A

Where water moves through the soil

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6
Q

What is surface run off

A

Water flows along the ground and into the river

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7
Q

Name for when water flows along the ground and into the river

A

Surface run off

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8
Q

Water enters a cycle through what

A

Precipitation

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9
Q

True or false, precipitation is only rainwater

A

False
It can also be sleet/ snow/ hail etc

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10
Q

When water enters a cycle through precipitation what else can happen apart from the water going straight into the river

A

Intercepted by leaves in tree and stored there
Land on ground and infiltrate into soil/ absorbed by tree roots
Move through rock layer
Flow along ground into river (surface run off)
On hot day be evaporated into water vapour (rises up into air and cools and condenses to form rain clouds so the whole cycle repeats)

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11
Q

What is a confluence

A

Where 2 rivers join

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12
Q

Name for where 2 rivers join

A

Confluence

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13
Q

What is a tributary

A

Smaller river that joins the larger/ main river

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14
Q

Name for smaller river that joins the main/ larger river

A

Tributory

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15
Q

What is meant by the drainage basin

A

Area of land drained by the river
(Each different drainage basin has a different river that all the water drains into)

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16
Q

Name for boundary of drainage basin

A

Water shed

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17
Q

Watershed meaning

A

Boundary of drainage basin

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18
Q

How many different courses (sections) do rivers have

A

3

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19
Q

Names for 3 sections of river

A

Upper course (closest to source)
Middle course
Lower course (closest to mouth)

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20
Q

What does a long profile of the river show you

A

How the gradient of the river changes over the 3 courses (side on view of river) from the source to the mouth

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21
Q

What does the cross profile of the river show you

A

What a cross section of the river looks like at each of the 3 different courses (as if you’re standing in the river and looking straight up the river)

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22
Q

Features of upper course of river

A

Hilly
Very Steep gradient
Rapids (noisy)
V shaped valley
Waterfalls
Vertical erosion
Less human settlement
Least water

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23
Q

Why is there less human settlement in the upper course of the river

A

The land is very steep so hard to build on/ access

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24
Q

Which section of the river has the most water and which has the least water and why

A

Upper course= least
No other rivers/ tributary’s have joined it yet which will then add more water

Lower course= most
Lots of water has been added to it as other rivers join etc

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25
Q

Vertical erosion meaning

A

High energy erosion downwards into the land
It deepens the river making it v- shaped
(Most common in upper course of river)

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26
Q

Lateral erosión meaning

A

Side to side erosion that makes the river wider
More common in middle and lower course of river

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27
Q

In what section of the river does it start to meander

A

Middle

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28
Q

Which section of the river has the most energy and which has the least

A

Most= lower course (as river is fastest)
Least= upper course

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29
Q

Which section of the river has the most human settlement and which has the least

A

Most= lower course (flat land)
Least= upper course (steep land so harder to build on)

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30
Q

Which part of the river does vertical erosion mostly occur in

A

Upper course
(Eroding downwards)

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31
Q

Which part of the river does lateral erosion mostly occur in

A

Middle and lower course
(Eroding side to side)

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32
Q

Which type of erosion deepens the river channel/ valley

A

Vertical erosion

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33
Q

Which type of erosion widens the river valley/ channel

A

Lateral erosion

34
Q

Which section of the river had the most energy and which has the least

A

Most= upper course
Least= lower course

35
Q

3 upper course river landforms

A

Waterfalls
Gorges
Interlocking spurs

36
Q

Waterfalls form in the upper course when the water flows over a layer of … rock and then a layer of…rock

A

Hard
Soft

37
Q

For waterfalls to form does the water first flow over the layer of hard rock or the layer of soft rock

A

Hard first
Then soft

38
Q

What happens in the upper course of the river when the water first flows over the layer of hard rock then soft rock

A

The soft, less resistant rock is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion creating a ‘step’ (very steep gradient)
As water flows over the ‘step’ more and more of the soft rock is eroded creating a very steep drop (waterfall)

39
Q

What process happens after the waterfall (steep drop in the river) is formed

A

The hard rock is undercut by erosion so becomes unsupported and collapses creating a plunge pool at the foot of the waterfall

40
Q

What happens once the plunge pool has been formed in waterfall formation process

A

Overtime more undercutting of the hard rock occurs due to erosion so the waterfall retreats creating a gorge (long stretch of river surrounded by steep sided valley)

41
Q

What is a gorge

A

Long stretch of river surrounded by steep sided valley

42
Q

What part of the river are waterfalls and gorges found in

A

Upper course

43
Q

What is a waterfall

A

Steep drop in the river (found in the upper course)

44
Q

Are waterfalls formed by erosion or transportation

A

Erosion

45
Q

Which process in the upper course creates steep sided v-shaped valleys

A

Vertical erosión

46
Q

Vertical erosion creates what type of valley in the upper course of the river

A

V-shaped, steep sided valley

47
Q

What are interlocking spurs

A

Bands of slightly tougher rock/ land that the river moves around (hillsides that interlock)

48
Q

What 2 types of processes form meanders

A

Erosión
Deposition

49
Q

Does erosion occur on the inside or outside of the bend

A

Outside

50
Q

Does deposition occur on the inside or outside of the bend

A

Inside

51
Q

True or false, in meanders there are both deep and shallow sections

A

True
(Deep on outside)
(Shallow on inside)

52
Q

Why does the current flow faster on the outside of the bend

A

Channel is deeper so less friction occurs to slow it down
Therefore more erosión takes place forming river cliffs

53
Q

Are river cliffs found on the inside or outside of the river bend

A

Outside
(River is deeper so less friction occurs so water moves faster so outside of bend is eroded)

54
Q

Are river cliffs formed by deposition or erosion

A

Erosion

55
Q

What forms on the inside bend of the river

A

Slip off slope

56
Q

How do slip off slopes form on the inside bend of the river

A

River is shallower so more friction occurs so water moves more slowly
Eroded material is deposited on the inside of the bend forming slip off slopes

57
Q

Are river cliffs on the outside of the bend formed by vertical or lateral erosión

A

Lateral
Including hydraulic action and abrasion so the river bank is undercut

58
Q

Process for formation of oxbow lake

A

Occurs in a meander
Velocity is fastest on outside of bend as river is deeper so there is less friction
During storm conditions velocity and discharge of river increase so there is a higher rate of erosion on the outside bend including abrasion and hydraulic action
This lateral erosión causers the neck of the meander to become very narrow until eventually teh river has enough energy that it breaks through the neck
Instead of the river flowing the whole way around the bend like before, it now takes the new shorter, more direct route that has just been created
Deposition occurs along the sides of the river to seal off the existing meander leaving an oxbow lake
Overtime the lake can fill with slit forming marshland/ the lake dries up leaving a meander scar

59
Q

How is a meander scar formed from an oxbow lake

A

The oxbow lake eventually dries up

60
Q

Thalweg meaning

A

Line of fastest flow in the river

61
Q

In meanders there are alternating sections of deep water and shallower water.
What are the deep and shallow sections called

A

Steep= pool (usually outside of bend)
Shallow= Riffle (usually inside of bend)

62
Q

Is the riffle deep or shallow

A

Shallow

63
Q

Is the pool deep or shallow

A

Deep

64
Q

3 depositional landforms

A

Floodplain
Levee
Estuary

65
Q

Which course of the river are depositional landforms found in (estuaries, floodplains, levees)

A

Lower course

66
Q

What is a floodplain

A

Area of open, flat land surrounding river in middle and lower course

67
Q

Where are estuaries found

A

Lower course at the mouth of the river where it meets the sea

68
Q

3 natural causes of a river flooding

A

Geology
Relief
Precipitation

69
Q

2 human causes of rivers flooding

A

Deforestation
Growth of urban areas

70
Q

4 types of hard engineering

A

Embankments
River straightening
Dam and reservoir
Flood relief channels

71
Q

4 types of soft engineering

A

Afforestation
Flood warnings
Floodplain zoning
River restoration

72
Q

Where is the River Tees located

A

North East of England
Flows through Durham and Yorkshire
Starts at Cross Fell, ends at the North Sea

73
Q

Features of hydrograph

A

Peak discharge (time when river has maximum discharge) (top of curve)
Peak rainfall (hour when there was the greatest amount of rainfall)
Rising limb- time taken between start of rainfall and river reaching maximum (peak) discharge
Falling limb- time taken between peak discharge and river reaching normal flow
Lag time (time between peak rainfall and peak discharge)
Normal flow- base flow of river

74
Q

What does a hydrograph show

A

How a river responds to a period of rainfall

75
Q

What is River Tees a case study of

A

Examples of landforms in the upper, middle and lower course of the river

76
Q

1 key upper course river landform in River Tees

A

High Force waterfall

77
Q

3 key river landforms in river Tees

A

High force waterfall (upper course)
Sockburn (meander) (middle course)
Teesmouth (estuary) (lower course)

78
Q

1 key middle course landform in River Tees

A

Sockburn (meander)

79
Q

1 key lower course landform in River Tees

A

Teesmouth (estuary)

80
Q

Key facts about High force waterfall (Upper course landform in River Tees)

A

700m long gorge
Popular tourist attraction
Hard rock= whinstone
Soft rock= limestone
Largest waterfall in UK by discharge

81
Q

Key facts about Teesmouth (estuary in lower course of River Tees)

A

Teesport (shipping port built on reclaimed land)
Teesmouth National Nature Reserve (for migratory birds and seals)

GCSE Geography (11 decks)

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