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Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the central part of the tropical storm

A

Eye

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2
Q

Other names for tropical storms

A

Cyclone, hurricane, typhoon

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3
Q

What temperature must the sea be for tropical storms to form

A

27 degrees or higher

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4
Q

First stage in formation of tropical storm once the sea is warm enough (27 degrees or higher)

A

Warm, moist (contains lots of water vapour) air rises rapidly from above surface of warm water and draws more air up with it to create an area of low pressure

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5
Q

What happens once the warm air has first risen in a tropical storm and an area of low pressure has been created

A

The warm rising air cools and condenses to form cumulonimbus clouds (thunderstorm clouds)
This process of condensation also releases heat to power the storm

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6
Q

What early process releases heat to power the tropical storm

A

Condensation (of rising warm air to form the cumulonimbus clouds)
This heat then causes more air to evaporate so more air is then condensed forming more, bigger cumulonimbus clouds

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7
Q

What wind conditions allow the cumulonimbus clouds (thunderstorms) to form

A

Low winds at high altitudes

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8
Q

What does the heat released from condensation of the warm rising air immediately do (as well as overall powering the tropical storm)

A

Makes more water evaporate into the air making it humid

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9
Q

True or false, once cumulonimbus clouds have formed they gather together, grow in strength and move over the warm ocean

A

True

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10
Q

What effect makes surrounding air be drawn into the quickening rising air and swirl clockwise/ anti-clockwise

A

Coriolis effect

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11
Q

What speed must the winds reached for it to be classified as a tropical storm

A

75 miles per hour

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12
Q

What direction over the warm water does the tropical storm move

A

West due to prevailing winds

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13
Q

When cool air descends rapidly into the low pressure zone inside the warm rising air what does this develop

A

The eye

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14
Q

True or false, it can take hours or days for a tropical storm to fully form

A

True

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15
Q

Conditions of the eye

A

Calm winds
Low pressure
Clear skies
No clouds or rain

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16
Q

True or false, the eye of the tropical storm is very calm

A

True

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17
Q

Is the eye wall rising or descending air

A

Rising
It is a spinning vortex of high winds (spiralling rising air) and heavy rain and clouds

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18
Q

What happens to the tropical storm once it reaches land

A

It’s energy supply (warm water) is cut off and friction with the land slows it down

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19
Q

True or false, once a tropical storm has reached the land if it meets warm water again it can regain strength

A

True (because it has got its energy supply back)

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20
Q

What determines which way the tropical storm spins

A

Hemisphere
Anti-clockwise in northern
Clockwise in southern

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21
Q

Which way do tropical storms spin in northern hemisphere

A

Anti clockwise

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22
Q

Which way do tropical storms spin in southern hemisphere

A

Clockwise

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23
Q

Where do tropical storms occur

A

Between tropics (hence name)
Usually between 5 and 30 degrees north/ south of equator

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24
Q

Where did Typhoon Haiyan occur

A

Phillipines

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25
Q

Is the Philippines LIC, NEE or HIC

A

NEE

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26
Q

What are the Philippines reliant on as their major source of income. Why is this a problem if a typhoon occurs

A

Fishing
Destroys the fishing boats and therefore source of income
(Typhoon Haiyan destroyed 30,000 boats)

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27
Q

How many boats were destroyed in Typhoon Haiyan and why is this bad for the economy

A

30,000
Philippine economy relies on fishing as major source of income to economy

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28
Q

How many were left homeless in Typhoon Haiyan

A

4.1 million

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29
Q

3 long term responses of Typhoon Haiyan

A

UN Habitat (NGO) partnered with Philippine government to rebuild homes and infrastructure
Oxfam (NGO) gave money to replace fishing boats

Received £500 million international aid

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30
Q

How much international aid do The Philippines receive after Typhoon Haiyan

A

£500 million

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31
Q

2 immediate responses of Typhoon Haiyan

A

Over 12,000 evacuation centres set up
Philippine Red Cross provided basic food aid including rice

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32
Q

1 secondary effect of Typhoon Haiyan

A

3/4 fisherman and farmers lost income leading to food shortages and looting (stealing) from shops

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33
Q

How many fisherman and farmers lost income due to Typhoon Haiyan

A

3/4
(Led to food shortages and looting of shops)

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34
Q

2 primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

4.1 million homeless
30, 000 boats destroyed

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35
Q

True or false, the Philippines heavily relied on international and voluntary aid after Typhoon Haiyan

A

True
Received £500 million international support
Help from UN Habitat to rebuild homes and infrastructure
Help from Oxfam to pay for new fishing boats
Help from Philippine Red Cross to provide food aid

However the military helped clear roads to provide easy access to reach more remote towns that needed aid

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36
Q

One thing the Philippines did itself to help respond to Typhoon Haiyan

A

Ordered military to clear debris off roads for easy access to remote towns that needed aid

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37
Q

One reason why the Philippines relied so heavily on international aid to recover from Typhoon Haiyan

A

They are an NEE so lack wealth to allow for better protection and recovery

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38
Q

Why is climate change bad for the Philippines in terms of typhoons

A

Will increase strength and intensify the typhoons + increase impact of storm surge causing more flooding and damage

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39
Q

4 hazards of tropical storms

A

Heavy rainfall
Storm surge
Winds over 75mph
Lightning strikes

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40
Q

True or false, climate change will increase distribution of tropical storms

A

True
Sea levels are rising causing areas outside of the current hazard zone (between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator) to become affected

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41
Q

Why are tropical storms becoming more distributed

A

Climate change- sea levels rising
More areas have sea warm enough (27 degrees or warmer) for tropical storms to form

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42
Q

Is the frequency (number) of tropical storms increasing or decreasing

A

Increasing

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43
Q

What 3 things might climate change effect about tropical storms

A

Intensity
Frequency
Distribution

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44
Q

Is the intensity of tropical storms increasing or decreasing

A

Increasing
Due to climate change (higher sea temperatures means the storms have more energy so are bigger, more powerful and cause more damage)

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45
Q

Types of weather hazards in the UK

A

Thunderstorms and lightning
Strong winds
Prolonged rainfall
Heavy snow
Drought/ extreme heat

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46
Q

Where was Boscastle flood

A

Cornwall

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47
Q

Social impacts of Boscastle flood

A

150 people stranded
80 houses destroyed (people homeless and put into temporary housing which can decrease unlit y of life and cause stress and strain on mental health)

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48
Q

How many people were stranded after Boscastle flood

A

150

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49
Q

How many houses were destroyed after Boscastle flood

A

80

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50
Q

Environmental impacts of Boscastle flood

A

Trees uprooted leading to habitat loss
Coastal pollution

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51
Q

Why did Boscastle flood cause habitat loss

A

Due to trees being uprooted

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52
Q

Economic impacts of Boscastle flood

A

£4 million worth of insurance claims made (including for destroyed cars and houses)
Distribution to local businesses

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53
Q

How many £ worth of insurance claims were made after Boscastle flood

A

£4 million

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54
Q

2 key Causes of Boscastle flood

A

Impermeable village surfaces (shale rock)
Heavy rainfall (130mm in 2 hours)

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55
Q

How much rainfall was there in 2 hours for Boscastle flood

A

130mm

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56
Q

What was done to the size of the river after Boscastle flood as part of a management strategy/ response

A

River deepened and widened to increase channel capacity to help reduce future risk of flooding

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57
Q

What did the Environment Agency do to help respond to Boscastle flood

A

Installed gauging system in river
Spent £4 million
Deepened and widened river
Raised car park and made it from permeable surfaces
Removed trees from edge of river but planted more trees upstream

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58
Q

How does volcanic eruptions contribute to climate change

A

When volcanoes erupt they release gases including CO2
When they erupt they release particles that reflect the sun’s rays back out to space causing the earth’s surface to cool

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59
Q

3 natural factors causing climate change

A

Orbital changes
Volcanic activity
Solar output

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60
Q

Give 3 key human causes of climate change

A

Agriculture
Deforestation
fossil fuels

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61
Q

Ways agriculture contributes to climate change

A

As population increases, more land needed for farming and
Deforestation for agriculture releases CO2
Cows release methane
Rice cultivation produces methane
Fertilisers release nitrous oxide

Agriculture is responsible for 54% methane emissions

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62
Q

What % methane emissions is agriculture responsible for

A

54

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63
Q

How do fossil fuels contribute to climate change

A

When burnt unwanted gases like CO2 are given off and so the concentration of fossil fuels in atmosphere gradually increases
As population increases and gets richer, there are more cars, more electricity needed etc so more fossil fuels burnt

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64
Q

What are fossil fuels

A

Coal, oil and natural gas that release heat energy when burned
Formed from remains of living organisms millions of years ago

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65
Q

How are fossil fuels formed

A

From remains of living organisms millions of years ago

66
Q

What is deforestation

A

Permanent destruction of forests to make them available for other uses e.g building houses and farming

67
Q

True or false, deforestation is one of the biggest contributing factores to climate change

A

True

68
Q

How does deforestation contribute towards climate change

A

Cutting down trees means less CO2 can be absorbed so more of it is left in the atmosphere
When trees die (from being cut down) they release all their stored carbon
As population increases, more houses/ wood/ land for farming needed so more trees cut down

69
Q

Every year how many million acres of forest are lost

A

Around 18 million (size of Panama)

70
Q

Describe the greenhouse effect

A

Solar radiation emitted from sun towards earth
Most of the radiation is absorbed by earth’s surface
Some is reflected by earth back out to space
Some gets trapped and is reflected by greenhouse gases in atmosphere back down to earth’s surface so the earth heats up
Some escapes earth’s atmosphere again but most is trapped

71
Q

True or false, volcanic eruptions can cause the earth’s surface to cool

A

True (although it is short term as it only cools it for a few years) + only very big eruptions have the impact

Eruptions release sulfur- rich gases creating particles that reflect radiation back out to space
There is also a layer of ash which darkens the planet so light can’t get through

72
Q

3 types of orbital changes causing climate change

A

Eccentricity- earth’s orbit changes from being circular to elliptical
Precision- earth wobbles as it rotates
Axial tilt- earth spins on its axis

73
Q

Evidence for climate change during quaternary period to present day

A

Ice cores
Temperature records
Rising sea levels
Glacial retreat and melting ice

74
Q

Examples of effects of climate change on people

A

Cape Town water crisis
Fewer frosts mean longer food growing seasons increasing food security e.g in Cañada and New Zealand
Frosts kill pests and diseases that attack crops- less frost means more pests and diseases so also less crops
Some coastal areas flooding causing migration/ overcrowding in other areas

75
Q

Examples of Effects of climate change on environment

A

Ice sheets and glaciers melting so loss of habitat
Coral reefs suffering from bleaching due to increased sea temperatures

76
Q

How can a change in agricultural systems adapt to climate change

A

Introduce shade tress e.g in West Africa to cover crops from sun so that less water is needed
Replace maize with drought tolerant crops e.g Sorghum to increase food security
Lie pipeline with holes in directly under plant to increase time and water efficiency

77
Q

What is meant by the quaternary period

A

The geological period of time referring to last 2.6 million years

78
Q

How many of the last years does the quaternary period include

A

2.6 million

79
Q

What 2 periods does the quaternary period consist of

A

Glacial
Interglacial

80
Q

Glacial vs interglacial periods

A

Glacial- colder, 100,000 yrs long, ice exists
Interglacial- warmer, 10,000 yrs long, no ice exists

81
Q

Which is longer, glacial or interglacial period

A

Glacial
(Glacial = 100,000 yrs, interglacial = 10,000 yrs)

82
Q

True or false, deforestation is the permenant destruction of forests for other uses

A

True

83
Q

What happens to most of the solar radiation that the sun emits towards the Earth

A

It’s absorbed by the Earth’s surface

84
Q

True or false, frost kills pests and disease that attack crops

A

True

(That’s why climate change is bad because rising temperatures mean frost melts so less pests and diseases can be killed that destroy crops, increasing food insecurity)

85
Q

Describe what the sunspot theory is and how it causes climate change

A

It is where the sun has black spots
When it has more dark spots it means there is more solar output/ solar energy so more heat is emitted (happens over 10 year cycle going from hotter (more spots) to colder (no spots)

86
Q

Describe how eccentricity causes climate change

A

It’s where the earths orbit goes from being circular to elliptical
When it’s closer to the sun (I.e circular orbit) the Earth is warmer but when it is further away (elliptical) it’s colder e.g glacial period (lots of snow and ice)

87
Q

What is meant by a subduction zone

A

Where the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate at a destructive plate margin

88
Q

What are pyroclastic flows

A

Currents of hot ash, lava and gases that move downhill during a volcano eruption at speeds of up to 500km/ hr

89
Q

At what type of plate boundary will there be a subduction zone

A

Destructive (oceanic subducts beneath continental)

90
Q

What is a volcanic winter

A

Where there is a reduction in sunlight and temperature caused by a large volcanic eruption

91
Q

All facts for typhoon Haiyan case study

A

Occurred in Phillipines 2013 (NEE)

4.1 million homeless
30,000 fishing boats destroyed
3/4 farmers and fisherman lost income
Phillipines economy primarily relies on fishing so had huge negative impact with many losing their source of income + led to food shortages and looting of shops so shopkeepers also lost money

Short term response- 12,000 evacuation centres set up and rice given out + military clear roads for services to reach remote communities

Long term response- UN habitat helped Phillipine government to rebuild homes and infrastructure
+ Oxfam donate money to replace fishing boats + over £500 million donated as international aid

Overall- relied heavily on NGOs and international aid to recover although one thing they did themselves was get the military to clear the roads to allow emergency and rescue services to reach remote communities

92
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

Naturally occurring event that can have a negative impact on people

93
Q

3 types of natural hazard

A

Geological
Flooding
Atmospheric

94
Q

How fast can pyroclastic flows reach

A

500km/ hr

95
Q

4 layers of earth

A

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

96
Q

Which out of the 4 layers of the earth contains the 7 continents

A

Crust

97
Q

Name for supercontinent

A

Pangea
(All 7 continents once joined together as one massive continent)

98
Q

What was Alfred Wegener’s theory

A

All 7 continents were once all joined together as one big supercontinent (Pangea) but overtime they have drifted apart

99
Q

Name for evidence where coastlines of continents appear to fit together

A

Jigsaw fit

100
Q

An example of coastlines that appear to fit together as part of ‘jigsaw fit’ evidence to prove Wegener’s theory

A

East Coast of South America, West coast of Africa

101
Q

In the jigsaw fit which continent does the East coast of south America fit with

A

West coast of Africa

102
Q

Geological fit evidence to prove Wegener’s theory correct is that there are identical…found across different continents so they must have been formed at the same place together

A

Rocks

103
Q

Name for evidence to support Wegener’s theory where identical rocks are found across different continents (rocks must have been formed at once place together)

A

Geological fit

104
Q

Geological fit vs jigsaw fit evidence

A

Jigsaw fit- shape of continents fit together e.g east coast of South America and west coast of Africa
Geological fit- identical rocks found across different continents (these rocks must have been formed together in the same place hence why the continents where initially joined e.g East South America and West Africa)

105
Q

What fossil evidence is there to suggest that Pangea once existed

A

Mesosaurus (crocodile like reptile) in South Africa and in the East of South America

106
Q

Name for crocodile like reptile found in South Africa and in east of South America

A

Mesosaurus

107
Q

What is fossil evidence to support Wegener’s theory

A

Same fossil found in different continents suggesting continents were once joined together
E.g Mesosaurus in east of South America and South Africa

108
Q

Describe the processes that happen at a destructive plate boundary

A

1) Denser oceanic plate subducts under less dense continental plate, moving by convection currents in the mantle
2) As they move, friction builds up between them so they get stuck and then slip causing seismic waves (earthquakes)
3) When it reaches the hot mantle layer the oceanic plate melts and turns into magma
4) Magma rises up through the continental crust causing a violent composite come volcano with viscous (sticky) lava

109
Q

Describe the processes that occur at a constructive plate margin

A

1) Two tectonic plates (of oceanic crust) move away from each other due to convection currents in the mantle
2) This allows magma to rise up through the surface as cracks form
3) As the magma breaks through the crust whilst rising through the surface it creates small earthquakes
4) The magma that reaches the surface is called lava but isn’t viscous (sticky) and creates wide, low shield volcanoes

110
Q

Describe the processes that occur at a conservative plate margin

A

1) 2 tectonic plates move alongside each other in the same/ opposite direction due to convection currents in the mantle
2) Friction occurs between the 2 plates causing them to get stuck
3) As pressure builds up they eventually slip past each other which releases seismic waves of energy (earthquake) (no volcanoes)

111
Q

Which 2 plate margins do volcanoes form at

A

Constructive and destructive

112
Q

Why do no volcanoes from at the conservative plate margin

A

There is no rising magma

113
Q

What type of volcanoes are found at destructive plate margins

A

Violent composite cone volcano, viscous lava

114
Q

At which type of plate margin would you find a subduction zone and why

A

Destructive
It’s where the denser oceanic plate subducts under the less dense continental plate
(At the other plate margins the plates aren’t moving directly towards each other so one doesn’t sink under the other)

115
Q

For all 3 types of plate margin why are the plates moving

A

Convection currents in the mantle

116
Q

At a destructive plate margin what happens once the oceanic plate has subducted under the less dense continental plate

A

Friction builds up as they continue to move and then they get stuck and slip. The slip creates seismic waves of energy (earthquake)

117
Q

At a destructive plate boundary what is it that causes the earthquake (creates seismic waves of energy)

A

The 2 plates get stuck and then slip due to friction as they continue to move due to convection currents

118
Q

At a destructive plate boundary which plate turns into magma when it reaches the hot mantle and then what happens

A

Oceanic
Magma rises up through continental crust forming violent composite cone volcanoes

119
Q

True or false, at destructive plate margins the volcanoes are violent composite cone volcanoes with viscous lava

A

True

120
Q

At what stage of the constructive plate margin does an earthquake occur

A

Once magma has risen up through the surface after the 2 oceanic plates have moved apart and cracks have formed

121
Q

True or false, it is the lava that causes the volcanoes to form at constructive and destructive plate boundaries

A

True
Viscous lava creates composite cone volcanoes (destructive)
Non viscous lava creates wide low shield volcanoes (constructive)

122
Q

What are after shocks

A

Smaller earthquake after main large one

123
Q

What does the crater hold

A

Bubbling molten lava

124
Q

3 types of volcano based on level of activity

A

Dormant (may erupt in future but hasn’t erupted in very long time)
Active (has erupted in last 10,000 years)
Extinct (not likely to erupt again)

125
Q

All facts about Chile Earthquake

A

HIC, destructive plate boundary, 2010, 8.8Mw
500 killed
5000 schools destroyed

1500km roads damaged by landslides
Coastal towns devastated by tsunami waves

Were able to recover from earthquake very quickly with little reliance on foreign help although did have international help for field hospitals
30,000 emergency shelters built (help treat injured and those who have lost homes)
Housing reconstruction plan launched one month after earthquake
Temporary repairs to damaged roads within 24hrs

126
Q

All facts about Nepal earthquake

A

Collision plate boundary, LIC, 2015, 7.8Mw

9000 killed
3 million homeless
Half shops destroyed

(Relied heavily on foreign support to help recover, especially as so much damage was done due to lack of wealth for well constructed building + high population density
Medical supplies from UK, India and China
2015 Nepal held international conference to seek support from other countries

127
Q

What are lahars

A

Volcanic mudflows
Like wet flowing concrete,extremely powerful, destroy everything in their path

128
Q

2 examples of ways to plan for earthquake

A

Emergency kit put together in event of evacuation- first aid kit to treat injuries + tinned food and water to prevent starvation
Earthquake drills- know what to do in event of earthquake e.g Japan has annual preparation disaster day

129
Q

2 examples of protection against earthquakes in HICs

A

Pyramid shape building- strong base to remain stable in shaking and prevent from collapsing
Rolling weights on roof- counteract shock waves

130
Q

2 examples of ways to monitor volcano

A

Gas monitor- measure gases in atmosphere as some gases like high sulphur indicate an eruption
Ground deformation- movement of magma in crust can deform ground above, making it swell

131
Q

Name of surface winds 30 degrees north and south of equator

A

Northeast/ southeast trade winds

132
Q

Where are the north east and south east trade winds located

A

Between 0-30 degrees north and south of equator

133
Q

Name of surface winds between 30 and 60 degrees north/ south of equator

A

Westerlies

134
Q

Name of surface winds between 60 and 90 degrees north and south of equator

A

Polar easterlies

135
Q

Where are the polar easterlies surface winds located

A

Between 60 and 90 degrees north and south of equator

136
Q

Where are the westerlies surface winds located

A

Between 30 and 60 degrees north and south of equator

137
Q

3 types of surface winds

A

Northeast/ southeast trade winds
Westerlies
Polar easterlies

138
Q

Surface winds are described as the direction that it…

A

Comes from

E.g northeast trade winds come from north east

139
Q

Name of cell found 30 degree north and south of equator

A

Hadley

140
Q

Name of cell found between 30 and 60 degrees north and south of equator

A

Ferrel

141
Q

Name of cell found between 60 and 90 degrees north and south of equator

A

Polar

142
Q

Name for 3 types of atmospheric circulation cells

A

Hadley
Ferrel
Polar

143
Q

Which atmospheric circulation cell is closest to the equator

A

Hadley

144
Q

Name of 3 different pressure belts in atmospheric circulation model

A

Equatorial low
Sub tropical high
Sub polar low

145
Q

If air is more dense or less dense does it rise

A

Less dense (warm air)

146
Q

Does warm rising air create low or high pressure areas

A

Low pressure

147
Q

Does cool descending air create low or high pressure zone

A

High pressure

148
Q

2 examples of protection against tropical storm

A

Building on stilts prevents flooding
Shutters reduce risk of injury/ damage from broken glass in strong winds

149
Q

True or false, planning for earthquakes and tropical storms are basically the same

A

True- both involve preparing emergency kits, evacuation kits and earthquake drills/ natural disaster awareness week
Both involve well constructed buildings

150
Q

4 easy ways to mitigate climate change

A

Plant trees
Alternative energy poduction
International agreements
Carbon capture and storage

151
Q

Facts about Paris Climate agreement

A

Held in Paris 2015 and signed by 195 countries
Agree to limit global temperature increase to 2 degrees above pre industrial levels with stretch goal of 1.5 degrees
Uk aims to be net zero by 2050

152
Q

Briefly explain how carbon capture storage works (helps mitigate climate change)

A

Carbon collected and injected deep into ground after being compressed. Stored in porous rock surrounded by impermeable rock (cap) to trap it in place and prevent it from leaking

153
Q

Slab pull meaning

A

Oceanic plate sinks into mantle due to gravity

154
Q

What is meant by the Coriolis effect

A

Where Earth rotates faster at equator than poles due to the earth being wider at the equator. It makes it appear that the winds are deflected.

155
Q

4 key bits of evidence that climate change is real

A

Ice cores
Glacial retreat
Rising sea levels
Temperature records

156
Q

How ice cores show that climate change is real

A

Ice core is a small sample (cylinder) of ice that reveals the atmospheric gas concentration at the time the snow fell which allows scientists to detect changes in temperature

Has provided evidence that there has been rapid increase in temperatures over last few decades

157
Q

How glacial retreat shows that climate change is real

A

Photographic evidence reveals that glaciares and ice have been decreasing in size due to increases temperatures

Arctic sea ice has thinned by 65% since 1975

158
Q

Arctic sea ice has thinned by what % since 1975

A

65%
(Shows climate change is real as glaciers are retreating due to increased temperatures)

159
Q

Ice cores reveal the what at the time the snow fell which then allows us to detect changes in temperature

A

Atmospheric gas concentration

160
Q

Briefly outline how Thames flood barrier works (way to adapt to climate change- specifically rising sea levels)

A

Barrier goes across width of river and holds back rising tide from North Sea to stop London from flooding
Still allows boats to pass through when barrier isn’t down

161
Q

Specific name for underground pipes in Africa used to directly water crops to help adapt to climate change

A

Drip irrigation

GCSE Geography (11 decks)

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