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2 RENAL > Upper Urinary Tract Anatomy > Flashcards

Upper Urinary Tract Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the kidney

A

production of urine

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2
Q

what part of the kidney is in contact with the peritoneum

A

only the anterior part as it is a retroperitoneal structure

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3
Q

where is the left kidney located

A

opposite T12-L2 vertebrae

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4
Q

where is the right kidney located

A

opposite L3-L1 vertebrae

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5
Q

which kidney is lower down and why

A

the right is lower down due to displacement by the liver

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6
Q

what ribs are posteriorly related to the kidneys

A

11 and 12

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7
Q

what regions of the abdomen are the kidneys in

A

the lumbar regions and upper quadrants

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8
Q

what is the medial part of the kidney called

A

the hilum

meaning route eg, route of the kidney where main vessels and structures enter

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9
Q

what vessels pass through the hilum on the kidney

A

renal vein - anterior
renal artery -in middle
ureter -posterior

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10
Q

what are the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and where do they lie in relation to the kidney

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transverses abdominis

lateral to the kidney

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11
Q

what are the 6 layers that surround the kidney anteriorly

A 
visceral peritoneum 
paranephric fat 
renal fascia 
perinephric fat 
renal capsule
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12
Q

what muscles lie posterior to the kidney

A

left quadrates lumborum

left psoas major

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13
Q

what causes pain when kidneys increase in size

A

the tight layer of the renal capsule being stretched as it does not stretch well

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14
Q

what fat layer is liquid so allows the kidneys to float in it

A

perinephric fat

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15
Q

which fat layer is solid

A

paranephric fat

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16
Q

on what side to you find the aorta on CT

A

LEFT

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17
Q

where do you find the IVC on CT

A

RIGHT sits much more anterior to the aorta

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18
Q

what does the renal artery look like on CT

A

artery coming off the aorta and snaking round to the kidney on the left

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19
Q

what does the renal vein look like on CT

A

snaking vessel coming of the vena cava on the right

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20
Q

what are the dimensions of a normal kidney

A

12 cm long

6 cm wide

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21
Q

what should a regular kidney feel like

A

smooth
regular
firm

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22
Q

what structures does the right kidney sit behind (is posterior to)

A 
the liver 
hepatorenal recess 
the 2nd part of the duodenum 
the ascending colon 
the right colic flexure
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23
Q

what structures does the left kidney sit behind (posterior to)

A

the stomach
tail of the pancreas
hilum of the spleen
the splenic vessels

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24
Q

what is the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity when the patient is lying on their back

A

the hepatorenal recess

25
Q

the renal arteries run anterior to the renal veins true/false

A

false

renal veins run anterior to renal artery

26
Q

the common iliac vein is anterior to the common iliac artery true/false

A

false

the common iliac artery runs anterior

the veins/arteries swap over as they get more posterior

27
Q

at what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

the umbilicus

28
Q

where does the lymph from the ureter drain into

A

lumbar and iliac nodes

29
Q

what arterial vessels supply the ureter

A 
branches from the: 
renal artery 
abdominal aorta 
common iliac artery 
internal iliac artery 
the vesicle artery (bladder)
30
Q

what is an infrarenal AAA

A

An abdominal aortic aneurysm which starts inferiorly to the renal arteries

31
Q

what is a suprarenal AAA

A

An abdominal aortic aneurysm which starts superiorly to the renal arteries

32
Q

what causes renal artery stenosis when its associated with infrarenal AAA

A

atherosclerosis - causes both AAA and renal artery stenosis

33
Q

what causes renal artery stenosis when associated with suprarenal AAA

A

occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm

34
Q

what are some anatomical variations seen in the kidneys

A 
solitary kidney 
bifid renal pelvis 
bifid ureter and unilateral duplicated ureters 
retrocaval ureter 
horseshoe kidney 
ectopic pelvic kidney
35
Q

what are some causes of a solitary kidney

A

agenesis (failure to develop)
nephrectomy due to pathology
nephrectomy due to donation

36
Q

what 2 things are the main parts of the kidney

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

37
Q

what is the most outside layer of the kidney

A

renal capsule

38
Q

what makes up the inner medulla of the kidney

A

renal pyramids

39
Q

what makes up the renal pyramids

A

nephrons - around 50,000 per pyramid

40
Q

what gives the pyramids their striped appearance

A

regularly arranged nephrons

41
Q

what do nephrons drain into

A

collecting duct

42
Q

what do collecting ducts drain into

A

minor calyx

43
Q

what does the minor calyx drain into

A

major calyx

44
Q

what does the major calyx drain into

A

renal pelvis

45
Q

what does the renal pelvis drain into

A

ureter

46
Q

where in the urine drainage tubes is there a constriction

A

the pelviureteric junction

the wide renal pelvis becomes the narrower ureter

47
Q

what are the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

A

pelviureteric junction

ureter crossing the common iliac arteries

ureteric orifice (opening into one mourner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)

48
Q

why are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction of clinical importance

A

bc this is where renal stones (calculi) get stuck

49
Q

where does lymph drainage from the kidneys go

A

LUMBAR NODES

50
Q

how can we view renal calculi

A

on an x-ray

51
Q

what 2 things can cause a ureteric obstruction

A

internal obstruction - renal calculus or blood clot

external compression - an expanding mass eg. tumour

52
Q

what does the ureter do in response to an obstruction

A

as the walls are made of smooth muscle it initiates increased peristalsis above the blockage in an attempted to flush it into the bladder

53
Q

why do renal calculi cause pain that comes and goes (colicky)

A

the waves of peristalsis from the urethra trying to flush out the stone comes and goes

54
Q

what happens to urine when there is a blockage in the ureter

A

it back up in the tract towards the kidneys

55
Q

what happens if there is obstruction in the bladder

A

unilateral or bilateral kidney problems

56
Q

what happens if there is obstruction in the urethra

A

by lateral kidney problems

57
Q

what happens to the kidneys if urine production continues and the pressure in the urinary tract continues to rise

A

it eventually exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the glomerulus

this can lead to renal failure

58
Q

what is renal failure

A

failure of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

2 RENAL (20 decks)

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