Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy Flashcards
what does the lower urinary tract contain
the bladder
the urethra
what separated the true pelvis and the false pelvis
the pelvic inlet
what does the false pelvis contain
abdominal content- part of the abdominal cavity
what muscles makes up the pelvic floor
levator ani
where do the ureters pass through to get to the true pelvis
from the retroperitoneum into the false pelvis and down into the true pelvis
what are the borders of the true pelvis
between the pelvic inlet and pelvic floor
what sits in the pelvic cavity
the bladder
what passes through the levator ani into the perineum
urethra
alimentary structures
reproductive tracts
the ureters pass anterior/posterior to the common iliac vessels
anterior - along the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
at what level do the ureters enter the bladder
level of the ischial spine
what direction do the ureters enter the bladder and why
inferomedially to prevent reflex of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts
does the ureter run inferiorly or superiorly to the uterine artery
inferiorly
‘water under the bridge’
does the ureter run inferiorly or superiorly to the vas deferens
inferiorly
what arteries enter the pelvis
branches of the internal iliac artery
what are the gonadal arteries
uterine and testicular arteries
in females what are the branches of the iliac artery passing through the pelvic cavity
uterine artery
middle rectal artery
rectal artery
vaginal artery
where do the veins in the pelvis drain into
internal iliac vein
where does the prostate sit in relation to the bladder
inferior
what are the 2 uretic orifices
where the ureters enter the bladder on the posterior aspect of the internal bladder
what is the ‘trigone’
a triangular shape on the internal aspect of the bladder (base and floor)
the 3 corners are made up of the 2 ureteric orifices and the urethral orifice
what is the internal urethral orifice
where the urethra leaves the bladder
where does the urethra go after leaving the bladder - males
through the prostate gland down through the pelvic floor into the perineum
what is the internal urethral spinchter
around the opening of the urethral orifices - only seen in males as it contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder
what muscles forms the main bulk of the bladder wall
detrusor muscle
how do detrusor muscle fibres contribute to the prevention of reflux of urine superiorly into the ureter
muscle fibres encircle the orifices and tighten when the bladder contracts
what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis (directly posterior to pubic bone)
the bladder (empty)
where does the uterus lie in relation to the bladder
superiorly - therefore most of the weight of the uterus is borne by the bladder
what separates the bladder and the uterus
uterovesical pouch
what separates the bladder and rectum in males
rectovesical pouch
where does the empty bladder lie
within the pelvis
peritoneum covers its superior surface
where does the full bladder lie
extends out of the pelvis - superior part lies superior to pubic bone - into false pelvis
peritoneum still only covered it superior surface
what are the 2 routes of catheterisation
urethral
suprapubic - through anterior abdominal wall and avoiding the peritoneal cavity
how long is the female urethral
4 cm long
how long is the male urethra
20cm long
what path does the urethra take in females
from the internal urethral orifice down through the levator ani muscle into the perineum via the external urethral spinchter out through the external urethral orifice
what is the external urethral sphincter
skeletal muscle circularly arranged around the urethra
what path does the urethra take in males
internal urethral orifice
through the internal urethral spinchter
through the prostate gland (prostatic urethra)
through the external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
through the penis (spongy urethra) within corpus sponiosum
out via the external urethral orifice
what is the path taken by the vas deferens
from the testes but through the right inguinal canal, along the top of the bladder down through the right seminal gland, through the right ejaculatory duct into the urethra
then follows path of urether
where do the testes decent from/to during embryological development
they descend from the posterior abdomen into the scrotum via the inguinal canal
what is the spermatic cord
a collection of structures which support the functioning of the testes
- testicular artery
- testicular vein/ pampiform plexus
- vas deferens
- lymphatic vessels draining testes
- nerves
what to the testes sit within inside the scrotum
they sit within the tunica vaginalis
why are there 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis
there is a parietal layer and a visceral layer bc:
it is like a balloon with the testes pressing into it causing it to surround the,
what is a hydrocele
abnormal fluid in the tunica vaginalis
what is testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord which cuts off blood supply to the testes causes:
- severe pain
- danger of testicular necrosis
what is the deep inguinal ring
entrance to inguinal canal
what travels though the deep inguinal ring
testicular artery
testicular vein
vas deferens
lymphatics and nerves
where is the epididymis palpates
at the posterior aspect of the testes
where is the vas deferens palpated
within the spermatic cord within the scrotum superior to the testes
feels like thick piece of string
where does the right gonadal vein drain
inferior vena cava
where does the left gonadal vein drain
renal vein then IVC
Where in the testes does sperm production happen
seminiferous tubules - travels then to the epididymis to be stored then passed into vas deferens
where does the vas deferens enter the urethra
ejactulatory duct
where do the glandular secretions of the prostate drain into
drain into the prostatic urethra
how is the prostate examined
PR exam
what part of the prostate is felt on PR exam
the peripheral zone of the prostate - this is the area where most cancers arise
what 3 cylinders make up the erectile tissue of the penis
right and left corpus cavernous
corpus spngiosum
what happens to these 3 cylinders during erection
they become engorged with blood
what vessels give blood supply to the penis
deep arteries of the penis - branches of the internal pudenal artery
what vessels give blood supply to the scrotum
the internal pudenal and branches from the external iliac artery
where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (not glands) drain
superficial inguinal lymph nodes (in superficial fascia in the groin)
where does lymph from the testes drain
lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta
