Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy

Question 1

what does the lower urinary tract contain

Answer 1

the bladder

the urethra

Question 2

what separated the true pelvis and the false pelvis

Answer 2

the pelvic inlet

Question 3

what does the false pelvis contain

Answer 3

abdominal content- part of the abdominal cavity

Question 4

what muscles makes up the pelvic floor

Answer 4

levator ani

Question 5

where do the ureters pass through to get to the true pelvis

Answer 5

from the retroperitoneum into the false pelvis and down into the true pelvis

Question 6

what are the borders of the true pelvis

Answer 6

between the pelvic inlet and pelvic floor

Question 7

what sits in the pelvic cavity

Answer 7

the bladder

Question 8

what passes through the levator ani into the perineum

Answer 8

urethra
alimentary structures
reproductive tracts

Question 9

the ureters pass anterior/posterior to the common iliac vessels

Answer 9

anterior - along the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

Question 10

at what level do the ureters enter the bladder

Answer 10

level of the ischial spine

Question 11

what direction do the ureters enter the bladder and why

Answer 11

inferomedially to prevent reflex of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts

Question 12

does the ureter run inferiorly or superiorly to the uterine artery

Answer 12

inferiorly

‘water under the bridge’

Question 13

does the ureter run inferiorly or superiorly to the vas deferens

Answer 13

inferiorly

Question 14

what arteries enter the pelvis

Answer 14

branches of the internal iliac artery

Question 15

what are the gonadal arteries

Answer 15

uterine and testicular arteries

Question 16

in females what are the branches of the iliac artery passing through the pelvic cavity

Answer 16

uterine artery
middle rectal artery
rectal artery
vaginal artery

Question 17

where do the veins in the pelvis drain into

Answer 17

internal iliac vein

Question 18

where does the prostate sit in relation to the bladder

Answer 18

inferior

Question 19

what are the 2 uretic orifices

Answer 19

where the ureters enter the bladder on the posterior aspect of the internal bladder

Question 20

what is the ‘trigone’

Answer 20

a triangular shape on the internal aspect of the bladder (base and floor)

the 3 corners are made up of the 2 ureteric orifices and the urethral orifice

Question 21

what is the internal urethral orifice

Answer 21

where the urethra leaves the bladder

Question 22

where does the urethra go after leaving the bladder - males

Answer 22

through the prostate gland down through the pelvic floor into the perineum

Question 23

what is the internal urethral spinchter

Answer 23

around the opening of the urethral orifices - only seen in males as it contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder

Question 24

what muscles forms the main bulk of the bladder wall

Answer 24

detrusor muscle

Question 25

how do detrusor muscle fibres contribute to the prevention of reflux of urine superiorly into the ureter

Answer 25

muscle fibres encircle the orifices and tighten when the bladder contracts

Question 26

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis (directly posterior to pubic bone)

Answer 26

the bladder (empty)

Question 27

where does the uterus lie in relation to the bladder

Answer 27

superiorly - therefore most of the weight of the uterus is borne by the bladder

Question 28

what separates the bladder and the uterus

Answer 28

uterovesical pouch

Question 29

what separates the bladder and rectum in males

Answer 29

rectovesical pouch

Question 30

where does the empty bladder lie

Answer 30

within the pelvis | peritoneum covers its superior surface

Question 31

where does the full bladder lie

Answer 31

extends out of the pelvis - superior part lies superior to pubic bone - into false pelvis peritoneum still only covered it superior surface

Question 32

what are the 2 routes of catheterisation

Answer 32

urethral suprapubic - through anterior abdominal wall and avoiding the peritoneal cavity

Question 33

how long is the female urethral

Answer 33

4 cm long

Question 34

how long is the male urethra

Answer 34

20cm long

Question 35

what path does the urethra take in females

Answer 35

from the internal urethral orifice down through the levator ani muscle into the perineum via the external urethral spinchter out through the external urethral orifice

Question 36

what is the external urethral sphincter

Answer 36

skeletal muscle circularly arranged around the urethra

Question 37

what path does the urethra take in males

Answer 37

internal urethral orifice through the internal urethral spinchter through the prostate gland (prostatic urethra) through the external urethral sphincter (voluntary) through the penis (spongy urethra) within corpus sponiosum out via the external urethral orifice

Question 38

what is the path taken by the vas deferens

Answer 38

from the testes but through the right inguinal canal, along the top of the bladder down through the right seminal gland, through the right ejaculatory duct into the urethra then follows path of urether

Question 39

where do the testes decent from/to during embryological development

Answer 39

they descend from the posterior abdomen into the scrotum via the inguinal canal

Question 40

what is the spermatic cord

Answer 40

a collection of structures which support the functioning of the testes - testicular artery - testicular vein/ pampiform plexus - vas deferens - lymphatic vessels draining testes - nerves

Question 41

what to the testes sit within inside the scrotum

Answer 41

they sit within the tunica vaginalis

Question 42

why are there 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis

Answer 42

there is a parietal layer and a visceral layer bc: it is like a balloon with the testes pressing into it causing it to surround the,

Question 43

what is a hydrocele

Answer 43

abnormal fluid in the tunica vaginalis

Question 44

what is testicular torsion

Answer 44

twisting of the spermatic cord which cuts off blood supply to the testes causes: - severe pain - danger of testicular necrosis

Question 45

what is the deep inguinal ring

Answer 45

entrance to inguinal canal

Question 46

what travels though the deep inguinal ring

Answer 46

testicular artery testicular vein vas deferens lymphatics and nerves

Question 47

where is the epididymis palpates

Answer 47

at the posterior aspect of the testes

Question 48

where is the vas deferens palpated

Answer 48

within the spermatic cord within the scrotum superior to the testes feels like thick piece of string

Question 49

where does the right gonadal vein drain

Answer 49

inferior vena cava

Question 50

where does the left gonadal vein drain

Answer 50

renal vein then IVC

Question 51

Where in the testes does sperm production happen

Answer 51

seminiferous tubules - travels then to the epididymis to be stored then passed into vas deferens

Question 52

where does the vas deferens enter the urethra

Answer 52

ejactulatory duct

Question 53

where do the glandular secretions of the prostate drain into

Answer 53

drain into the prostatic urethra

Question 54

how is the prostate examined

Answer 54

PR exam

Question 55

what part of the prostate is felt on PR exam

Answer 55

the peripheral zone of the prostate - this is the area where most cancers arise

Question 56

what 3 cylinders make up the erectile tissue of the penis

Answer 56

right and left corpus cavernous corpus spngiosum

Question 57

what happens to these 3 cylinders during erection

Answer 57

they become engorged with blood

Question 58

what vessels give blood supply to the penis

Answer 58

deep arteries of the penis - branches of the internal pudenal artery

Question 59

what vessels give blood supply to the scrotum

Answer 59

the internal pudenal and branches from the external iliac artery

Question 60

where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (not glands) drain

Answer 60

superficial inguinal lymph nodes (in superficial fascia in the groin)

Question 61

where does lymph from the testes drain

Answer 61

lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta