Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2 RENAL > Renal and Urological Pathology > Flashcards

Renal and Urological Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of nephritis

A

infective - pyelonephritis

non-infective -glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what holds together the glomerulus

A

mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation in the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the main causes of glomerulonephritis

A

Immune mediated

related to vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does immune mediated causes cause glomerulonephritis

A

Direct attack of the glomerulus

Caused by circulating complexes getting stuck in the sieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what blood tests would suggest immune glomerulonephritis

A

IgG antibodies against a sub unit of collagen

-goodpastures syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what can trigger an immune response leading to complexes ending up in the glomerulus

A

Infection - hepatitis, viruses, bacteria, HIV
Drugs - Gold, Penicillamine
Cancer - often lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what vasculitis can cause glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

microscopic polyangitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of vasculitis is associated with cANCA

A

granulomatosis with poly angitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of vasculitis is associated with pANCA

A

Microscopic polyangitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are nephritic/nephrotic syndromes

A

a collection of symptoms!! - tells you how the patient is presenting

gives no information about underlying cause at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do patients with nephritic syndrome present with

A

haematuria

hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do patients with nephrotic syndrome present with

A

heavy proteinuria
non-dependent oedema
hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is lost with proteinuria

A

proteins - antibodies, complement and proteins in clotting cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what 3 investigations do you do in glomerulonephritis

A

light microscopy
electron microscopy
immunoflouresence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are crescents

A

are bad
indicate rapidly progressive disease
suggest glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does granulomas in a renal biopsy suggest

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

Sarcoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do you usually see on light microscopy in glomerulonephritis

A

hypercellularity (inflammatory cells and reactive proliferations)

sclerosis -on going damage

crescents - this is bad

may see vasculitis or systemic disease (sarcoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does electrommicroscopy look at in glomerulonephritis

A

the basement membrane

allows you to see if there are deposits and usually where they are. usually either:

  • subepithelial
  • mesangial
  • subendothelial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does immunofluorescence show in glomerulonephritis

A

what kind of antibodies are involved and what kind of distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does immunofluorescence show in good pasture’s syndrome

A

linear IgG deposits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is minimal change disease

A

type of glomerulonephritis seen in kids

present with NEPHROTIC syndrome

most common cause of glomerulonephritis in kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do you treat minimal change disease

A

steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A

type of glomerulonephritis caused by:

  • obesity
  • HIV
  • sickle cell
  • IV drugs

Presents with NEPHRITIC symptoms

26
Q

what does FSGS look like on electron microscope?

A

glomerular sclerosis

focal and segmental

duh

27
Q

what is membranous glomerulonephritis caused by

A

Infection (hepatitis, malaria, syphilus)

Drugs (penicillamine, NSAID, captopril, gold)

Malignancy (Lung, colon, melanoma)

Lupus -15% of all GMN in lupus

Autoimmune disease - thyroiditis

28
Q

how does membranous glomerulonephritis present

A

adults
nephrotic
thich membranes, sub-epithelial immune deposits

less than 40% develop renal failure

29
Q

silver stain

A

shows basement membrane

looks spikey when there are immune complexes

30
Q

what causes IgA GMN

A

Genetic acquired defect -Coeliac (do anti-TTG test)

people get it post infection

31
Q

what does IgA GMN look like

A

IgA deposition in mesangium

32
Q

what is membranoproliferative GMN

A

idiopathic cause or can get type 2 from infection/lupus/malignancy

adults and children get it

presents with either nephritic or nephrotic

33
Q

how does membranoproliferative GMN present

A

big lobulated hyper cellular glomeruli with thick membranes

instead of 1 line theres 2

tram tracks

34
Q

how does diabetes affect the kidney

A

diffuse and nodular glomerulosclerosis

nodules (Kimmel Stiel Wilson Lesion)

microvascular disease - arterial sclerosis

infection - pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis

35
Q

what are cystic kidney diseases

A

Variety of congenital, inherited and acquired cysts

lot of early cancers are cystic so be careful

36
Q

what score predicts risk of cancer with kidney cysts

A

Bosniak score

37
Q

what are acquired cysts

A

v common benign cysts

often associated with long term dialysis

simple cysts

38
Q

what are the 2 main subtypes of polycystic kidneys

A

Autosomal dominant PCKD

Autosomal recessive PCKD

39
Q

what is ADPCKD

A

Due to a mutation in nephron

lots and lots of cysts present over time

kidney can become huge

40
Q

what lines cysts in ADPCKD

A

simple epithelium

41
Q

what secondary pathology can be seen in ADPCKD

A

haemorrhage
infaction
rupture

42
Q

symptoms of ADPCKD

A

size of kidney - present with mass like lesion

pain
haematuria due to rupture

systemic disease - associated with sub arachnoid haemorrhage

43
Q

when does ARPCKD present

A

in childhood

44
Q

what do kidneys look like in ARPCKD

A

normal size of kidney with a smooth surface

45
Q

what worsens the prognosis of ARPCKD

A

the younger you present with it

46
Q

what infection can cause a mass that is commonly mistaken for a tumour

A

xanthogranuomatous pyelonephritis

47
Q

what is the benign kidney tumour u should know about

A

oncocytoma

48
Q

what malignant kidney tumours should you know about

A

chromophobe
clear cell
papillary
collecting duct

49
Q

what does an oncocytoma look like

A

small
oval
well circumscribed
mahogany brown with central stellate scar

there is a v pink and granular cytoplasms in the cells

50
Q

what does a chromophobe look like

A

looks like oncoytoma but with raisonoid nuclei and perinucler halos

uncommon

51
Q

what is the 2nd most common renal cancer

A

papillary

52
Q

what does papillary renal cancer look like

A

papillary finger like projections

generally low grade

53
Q

what is collecting duct carcinoma

A

v bad malignant tumour

least common

poor survival

54
Q

what does collecting duct carcinoma look like

A

high grade appearance with a very sesmoplastic stroma

55
Q

what is the most common renal cancer

A

Clear cell carcinoma

56
Q

what are the risk factors from clear cell carcinoma

A

obesity ++

genetic influence

57
Q

how does clear cell carcinoma present

A

haematuria
mass
hypertension

58
Q

what does clear cell carcinoma look like

A

macro

often partly cystic
heterogenous surface
BRIGHT YELLOW tumour surface

(clear cell -d’oh yellow like simpsoms)

59
Q

how do you stage clear cell carcinoma

A

size

invasion of other structures

60
Q

what type of cancer tends to protrude into the renal vein

A

clear cell carcinoma

-can go all the way to the heart

61
Q

what mutation is most common causing sporadic renal cancers

A

VHL - codes for HIF which is associated with hypoxia

62
Q

what happens when there are mutations in the TCA cycle

A

renal cancers

2 RENAL (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions