Pathology 2 Flashcards
what type of epithelium lines the bladder
TRANSITIONAL stratified epithelium
what cells are on the surface of the bladder
umbrella cells (transitional epithelium underneath)
what lines the proximal and distal urethra
transitional epithelium
any disease effecting bladder can effect these too
what is cystitis
inflammation of the bladder (v common)
what are the rare forms of cystitis that are seen in the pathology lab
parasites and mycotic infection
aseptic
reactive
what type os schistosomiasis is seen in the bladder
haematobium (parasite that swims up urethra in water- lake Malawi)
how does schistosomiasis cause disease in the body
does not directly cause disease, damage is from the immune systems response against it
when does squamous cell carcinoma occur in the bladder
if there has been metaplasia change from transitional to squamous epithelium due to chronic inflammation
what type of carcinoma is most common in the bladder
transitional cell
what can cause chronic inflammation leading to metaplastic change in the bladder
-In-dwelling catheters - all the time
big problems in paraplegics who can’t feel the inflammation
what is asceptic (interstitial) cystitis
persistent UTI symptoms with persistently negative cultures/urinalysis
some inflammation sometimes but always negative cultures
what is cystitis cystic
descriptive term for a reactive phenomena when the infolding of the bladder mucosa appears like cysts
what is a bladder diverticular
out pouching of the bladder
complications of a bladder diverticular
things can get stuck in it eg:
- stagnant urine
- stones
- cancer
- infection
what happens to the badder in obstruction (often due to large prostate)
works harder to try get urine out - undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia and gets so big and thick it can’t work properly
(surface becomes trabeculated)
what is hydronephrosis
back pressure of urine on the kidneys due to blockages leads to the functional part of the kidney undergoing atrophy
there is baggy thin walled ureter
what are the risk factors for urothelial neoplasia
middle ages and elderly
SMOKING ++++
Beta-naphthyline from the dye industry
what is the most common bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
when can adenocarcinoma occur in the bladder
from a background of metaplasia
difficult to distinguish from colon cancer than has invaded the bladder
what is a urachal adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma in Uranus - a remnant from the alantois in embryology (bladder connected to umbilicus)
v rare
can you get squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder
yes if there is a history of metaplastic change
what causes the prostate to enlarge physiologically
hormones - androgens
symptoms of prostate enlargement
hesitancy can't stop peeing start and stop flow increased frequency dribbling
risk factors for prostate cancer
not many
cadmium batteries
what zone is the most common place for prostate cancer to arise
peripheral zone
what zone does BPH arise in
central zone (surrounding urethra) which causes the problems with urination
what is PSA
prostate specific antigen
when is PSA useful
as follow up after treatment - a good marker of recurrence in people who has high PSA before treatment
why is PSA not good for prostate cancer screening
lacks sensitivity and specificity (loads of things can make it high and u can have v severe prostate cancer without it being raised)
how do you diagnose prostate cancer
transanal/rectal biopsies
6 in each lobe (12)
what is the Gleason system
staging
high number = worse
