Upper Limb - Osterology, Arthrology, and Positioning Flashcards
How many interphalangeal joints are found in one upper limb?
9
each proximal phalanx articulates with a:
Metacarpal
which bones comprise the palm of the hand?
metacarpals
which joint is formed by the articulation of the proximal end of the middle phalanx with the distal end of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger?
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth digit
which joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the middle plalanx with the proximal end of the distal plalanx of the index finger?
the distal inerphalangeal joint of the second digit
which joint is a hinge-type joint?
Interphalangeal
how many metacarpal bones are found in one upper limb?
5
which articulates with the bases of metacarpal bones?
Carpals
which joints of the hand are formed by the articulation of the head of a metacarpal with a digit?
Metacarpophalangeal
which joints of the hand are formed by the articulation of the bases of the metacarpals with the bones
Carpometacarpals
which joint is an ellipsoidal joint?
metacarpophalangeal
which articulation of the upper limb is a saddle joint that allows the thumb to oppose the fingers?
First carpometacarpal
which bones are located in the proximal row of the wrist
scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, and triquetrum
which bones are located in the distal row of the wrist?
Hamate, capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid
where in the wrist is the scaphoid located?
Lateral side of the proximal row
where in the wrist is the trapezium located?
Lateral side of the distal row
where in the wrist is the hamate located?
Medial side of the distal row
what other name refers to the carpal bone known as the hamate?
Unciform
What other name refers to the carpal bone known as the capitate?
Os magnum
what other name refers to the carpal bone known as the trapezium?
Greater multangular
what other name refers to the carpal bone know as the trapezoid?
Lesser multangular
which carpal bone has only one name?
Pisiform
which bones are classified as short bones?
Carpals
which joint is the most distal articulation of the wrist
Carpometacarpal
which joint is the most proximal articulation of the wrist?
Radiocarpal
which two carpal bones are the most lateral bones?
Scaphoid and trapezium
the lunate is situated [located] between the:
Triquetrum and scaphoid
what other name refers to the carpal bone known as the scaphoid?
Navicular
which carpal bone does not articulate with he radius
Capitate
which bony structures are located on the proximal end of the ulna?
Radial notch, olecranon process, and coronoid process
which bony structures are located on the distal end of the ulna?
Ulnar head and styloid process
which bony structure is located on the distal end of the radius?
Styloid process
which bony structures are located on the proximal radius?
Head and tuberosity
which bones comprise the forearm?
radius and ulna
which structure is located on the lateral aspect of the distal forearm?
radial styloid process
which large bony process is easily located by touching on the posterior aspect of the proximal forearm?
Olecranon process
which structure is located on the medial side of the distal forearm?
Ulnar styloid process
where is the trochlear notch located?
Proximal ulna
which two structures articulate to form the proximal radioulnar joint?
Head of the radius and radial notch of the ulma
which two structures articulate to form the distal radioulnar joint?
Head of the ulna and ulnar notch of the radius
which articulation do the trochlea and the trochlear notch form?
Humeroulnar
which structure articulates with the capitulum?
Radial head
which structure articulates with the trochlea?
Proximal ulna
in which joint is the capitulum located?
Elbow
in which joint is the trochlea located?
Elbow
which type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge
where is the capitulum located
Lateral side of the distal humerus
with reference from the trochlea, where is the capitulum located?
Lateral
what is the roughened process of the humerus superior and lateral to the intertubercular groove?
Greater tubercle
which bony process is located on the anterior surface of the proximal humerus?
Lesser tubercle
which structure articulates witht he ulna to form the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea
how many articulations does the humerous have?
3
which structure articulates with the radius to form the humeroradial joint?
Capitulum
which depression is located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus?
Coronoid fossa
which degression is located on the posterior surface of the distal humerus?
Olecranon fossa
which depression is located between the lesser and greater tubercles of the proximal humerus?
Intertubercular groove
what is the appropriate collimated field for the PA projection of the second digit?
1 inch (2.5 cm) on all sides of the digit
which digit of the hand produces the greatest OID in the lateral projection of that digit?
Third digit
for lateral projections of the second through fifth digits of the hand, through which joint should the central ray be directed?
Proximal interphalangeal
from the prone position, how many degrees should a finger be rotated for the PA oblique projection of that finger?
45
which digit of the hand produces the least OID in the lateral projection of that digit?
Second digit
how should the hand be positioned for the PA oblique projection of the hand?
From the prone position, rotate the hand radial side up
what is the centering point for the central ray for the PA projection of the third finger?
Proximal interphalangeal joint of the third digit
what is the centering point for the central ray on the AP projection of the first digit (thumb)?
First MCP joint
what is the appropriate collimated field for all projections of the first digit (thumb)?
1 inch (2.5 cm) on all sides of the digit, including 1 inch (2.5 cm) proxima to the CMC joint
From the prone position, how many degrees should a finger be rotated for the lateral projection of that finger?
90 degrees
what is the appropriate collimated field for the PA projection of the hand?
1 inch (2.5 cm) on all sides of the hand, including 1 inch (2.5 cm) proximal to the ulnar styloid
For the PA projection of the hand, where should the central ray be directed?
Third netacarpophalangeal joint
From the prone position, how many degrees should a hand be rotated for the PA oblique projection of that hand?
45 degrees
which of the following is best for demonstration of a foreign body in the hand?
Lateral in extension
which wrist-positioning maneuver[dieu khien] opens the carpal interspaces on the lateral side of the wrist?
Ulnar deviation
which wrist projection requires that the IR be inclined toward the elbow at an angle of 20 degrees from horizontal?
PA axial (Stecher method)
which projection of the wrist corrects foreshortening of the scaphoid carpal bone?
PA with ulnar deviation
which projection of the wrist requires that the radial styloid process be superimposed over the ulnar styloid process?
Lateral
What is the appropriate collimated field for the PA projection of the wrist?
2.5 inches (6cm) proximal and distal to the wrist joint and 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the sides.
for the PA projection of the wrist, which positioning maneuver should be used to place the anterior surface of the wrist in contact with the IR?
Slightly arch the hand
how should the hand and wrist be positioned for the PA oblique projection of the wrist?
with the hand pronated, rotate the wrist radial side up
which projection of the wrist best demonstrates the scaphoid carpal bone and its related articulations?
PA projection, ulnar deviation position
how should the hand be positioned for the AP projection of the forearm?
Supinated
what is the appropriate collimated field for the all projections of the forearm?
2 inches (5cm) distal to the wrist and proximal to the elbow, and 1 inch (2.5cm) on the sides
which description best explains how radial crossover occurs when the forearm is demonstrated?
during the AP projection, the hand is pronated
for the AP projection of the forearm, which positioning step should be taken to prevent radial crossover?
Supinate the hand
which projection of the forearm requires that the elbow be flexed 90 degrees?
Lateral
when performing a radiograph of a forearm in a fiberglass cast, approximately which compensation to exposure technique should occur?
increase mAs 25% or 4 kVp
how much should the elbow be flexed for the lateral projection of the elbow?
90 degrees
which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head free of bony superiposition?
AP oblique, lateral rotation position
which of the following should be used to image the radial head on a trauma patient?
Axiolateral projection (Coyle method of elbow joint
what is the direction and amount of central ray angulation for the axiolateral projection (Coyle method) to demonstrate the radial head and capitulum?
45 degrees toward the shoulder
which projection and position of the upper limb best demonstrates the coronoid process in profile and free of superimposition?
AP oblique of the elbow in medial rotation position
what is the appropriate collimated field for the AP projection of the elbow?
3 inch (7.6 cm) proximal and distal to the elbow joint and 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the sides
with reference to the plane of the IR, how should the humeral epicondylar coronal plane be positioned for the AP projection of the elbow?
Parrallel
which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile?
Lateral projection
For the axiolateral projection (Coyle method) of the elbow to demonstrate the coronoid process, the elbow is:
Flexed 80 degrees
what is the central ray orientation for the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method) to demonstrate the coronoid process when the patient is seated
Angled 45 degrees anway from the shoulder
which positioning characteristic best indicates that the humerus is properly positioned for the AP projection of the humerus?
The humeral epicondylar coronal plane is parallel with the IR
which evaluation criterion indicates that the humerus was properly positioned for the AP projection?
The humeral head and greater tubercle are both seen in profile.
one way that the lateral radiograph of a humerus produced with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and the IR placed between the arm and thorax, appears different from the lateral position with the patient standing is that the former demonstrates:
Less than the entire humerus
with reference to the plane of the IR, how is it determined that the humerus is properly positioned in true lateral position?
The humeral epicondylar coronal plane is perpendicular
which evaluation criterion indicates that the humerus was properly positioned for the lateral projection?
the lesser tubercle is seen in profile
what is the appropriate collimated field for the AP and lateral projection of the humerus?
2 inch (5 cm) distal to the elbow and superior to the shoulder and 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the sides
