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Musculo-skeletal > Upper Limb Anatomy 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Upper Limb Anatomy 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axilla?

A

The pyramidal space below the shoulder joint - provides passage for the vessels and nerves going to and from the upper limb

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2
Q

Which muscles make up the anterior wall of the axilla?

A

Pectoralis major and minor

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3
Q

Which muscles make up the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Subscapularis

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4
Q

Which structures make up the medial wall of the axilla?

A

Thoracic wall and serratus anterior

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5
Q

Which structure forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

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6
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of which artery?

A

Subclavian

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7
Q

At which anatomical point does the axillary artery begin?

A

The lateral border of the 1st rib

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8
Q

The axillary artery continues beyond the axilla as which vessel?

A

Brachial artery

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9
Q

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Lower border of teres major

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10
Q

Name the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami of C5-T1

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11
Q

Which nerve roots form the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C5 and C6

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12
Q

What is Erb’s point?

A

The site of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus (2-3cm above the clavicle

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13
Q

What is the clinical relevence of Erbs point?

A

Injury to the upper trunk results in Erb’s palsy in which the upper limb becomes medially rotated with the wrist flexed

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14
Q

What is the cause of Erb’s palsy?

A

Hyper-extension of the head from the shoulder: fall on the shoulder, birth injury or during anaesthesia

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15
Q

Which roots of the brachial plexus contribute to the lower trunk?

A

C8 and T1

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16
Q

What happens when the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is damaged?

A

Klumpke’s Palsy - affects the intrinsic muscles of the hand and ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers - caused by undue abduction of the arm

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17
Q

List the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

A
  • Lateral pectoral
  • Lateral root of the median n.
  • Musculocutaneous
  • Median
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18
Q

List the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus

A
  • Medial pectoral
  • Ulnar
  • Radial root of the median n.
  • Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
  • Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
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19
Q

List the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

A
  • Thoracodorsal n.
  • Axillary
  • Radial
  • Upper/lower subscapular n.
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20
Q

Which venous plexus lies on the back of the hand>

A

Dorsal venous arch

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21
Q

Which vein arises at the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch?

A

Basilic vein

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22
Q

Which vein arises from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch?

A

Cephalic vein

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23
Q

Which vein shunts blood between the cephalic vein and basilic vein?

A

Median cubital vein

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24
Q

What are the five groups of axillary nodes?

A
  • Anterior or pectoral
  • Posterior or subscapular
  • Apical
  • Central
  • Lateral
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25
Q

Where do all the lymphatic vessels from the upper limb drain?

A

Axillary nodes

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26
Q

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A
  • Humerus
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
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27
Q

Which part of the clavicle is most prone to breakages?

A

Middle 3rd - most prominent and it changes to concave from convex at this point

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28
Q

What type of synovial joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Plane

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29
Q

What type of synovial joint is the sternoclavicular?

A

Saddle

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30
Q

Which muscles are involved in elevation of the scapula?

A

Trapezius and levator scapulae

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31
Q

Which muscle is involved in depression of the scapula?

A

Lower trapezius

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32
Q

Which muscle is involved in protraction (movement forward) of the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior

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33
Q

Which muscles are involved in retraction of the scapula?

A

Trapezius (middle fibres) and rhomboids

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34
Q

Which muscles are involved in lateral rotation (elevating the glenoid cavity) of the scapula?

A

Upper and middle trapezius

35
Q

Which muscles are involved in medial rotation (downward) of the scapula?

A

Gravity, levator scapulae, rhomboids and pectoralis minor

36
Q

List the scapular muscles

A
  • Transverse trapezius
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboid minor
  • Rhomboid major
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Latissimus dorsi
37
Q

What is the name of the cartilage that surrounds the glenoid cavity?

A

Glenoid labrum

38
Q

What is the function of the glenoid labrum?

A

Keeps the head of the humerus in place and reduces friction

39
Q

Which structures make up the coraco-acromial arch and what does it do?

A
  • Acromial process and coracoid process of the scapula
  • Coraco-acromial ligament
  • Prevents superior displacement of the humeral head
40
Q

Which part of the shoulder joint capsule is the weakest?

A

Inferior - not protected by muscles or ligaments

41
Q

Which bursa communicates with the shoulder joint cavity?

A

Subscapular

42
Q

Name the rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

43
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • Abduction and medial + lateral rotation

- Stabilisation and support of the shoulder joint

44
Q

What are the actions of the deltoid muscle on the shoulder?

A
  • Anterior fibres: medial rotation and flexion
  • Middle fibres: abduction
  • Posterior fibres: lateral rotation and extension
45
Q

What is the nerve supply to the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary n.

46
Q

Where do you test for axillary nerve sensation?

A

C5/6 - regimental badge area

47
Q

What is the action of pectoralis major on the shoulder joint?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

48
Q

Which structures make up the border of the deltopectoral triangle?

A
  • Clavicle
  • Deltoid muscle
  • Pectoralis major
49
Q

Which vein is found in the deltopectoral triangle?

A

Cephalic vein

50
Q

What are the functions of serratus anterior?

A
  • Protraction of the scapula
  • Stabilisation of the scapula during limb movements
  • Holding the scapula against the thoracic cage
51
Q

What is the innervation of serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic (C5-7)

52
Q

What are the actions of trapezius muscle?

A
  • Superior fibres: elevation of the scapula
  • Middle fibres: retract the scapula
  • Inferior fibres: depress the scapula
53
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius muscle?

A

Accessory (CrN XI)

54
Q

What are the actions of teres major on the shoulder joint?

A

Adduction, medial rotation and extension

55
Q

What are the actions of latissimus dorsi on the shoulder joint?

A

Adduction, extension and internal rotation

56
Q

What are the two heads of the biceps brachii?

A

Long and short

57
Q

What is the action of biceps brachii ?

A
  • Flexes elbow and shoulder joints

- Supinates the radio-ular joint

58
Q

What is the innervation of biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous (C5/6)

59
Q

What are the actions of coracobrachialis?

A

Flexion, adduction and stabilising of the shoulder joint

60
Q

What is the nerve supply of coracobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous

61
Q

What is the main action of brachialis?

A

Flexion of the elbow

62
Q

What is the innervation of brachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous

63
Q

Describe the path of the musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • Arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
  • Enters the arm by perforating the coraco-brachialis muscle and descends between biceps and brachialis
  • Continues as lateral cutaneous nerve of the foreaem
64
Q

What is the root value of musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-7

65
Q

Which artery is a continuation of the axillary artery?

A

Brachial artery

66
Q

What are the roots of the median nerve?

A

Medial and lateral cord of the brachial plexus

67
Q

What is the root of the ulnar nerve?

A

Medial cord of the brachial plexus

68
Q

Name the three common sites on the humerus where nerves can be damaged

A
  • Radial groove: radial nerve
  • Medial epicondyle: ulnar nerve
  • Surgical neck: axillary nerve
69
Q

List the structures that make up the borders of the cubital fossa

A
  • Base: line between the medial and lateral epicondyles
  • Medial border: pronator teres muscle
  • Lateral border: brachioradialis
70
Q

Name the contents of the cubital fossa

A

Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

71
Q

Which muscle occupies the entire posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps

72
Q

What is the main action of the triceps muscle?

A

Extension

73
Q

What is the action of the aconeus muscle and what is its innervation?

A
  • Extension of the forearm

- Radial n.

74
Q

What are the nerve roots of the radial nerve?

A

C6-8 and T1

75
Q

What is the characteristic clinical sign of a radial n. injury?

A

Wrist drop of the forearm

76
Q

Name the three ligaments of the elbow joint

A
  • Ulnar collateral ligament
  • Radial collateral ligament
  • Anular ligament
77
Q

Name the flexors of the elbow joint

A
  • Brachialis
  • Biceps brachii
  • Coracobrachialis
78
Q

Name the extensors of the elbow joint

A

Triceps and acroneus

79
Q

What is the function of the annular ligament

A

It holds the head of the radius in place

80
Q

Name the muscles with supinate the forearm

A
  • Supinator

- Biceps brachii

81
Q

Name the muscles which pronate the forearm

A
  • Pronator quadratus

- Pronator teres

82
Q

Which muscle is the most powerful supinator of the forearm?

A

Biceps brachii

83
Q

Which muscle is the most powerful pronator of the forearm?

A

Pronator quadratus

Musculo-skeletal (27 decks)

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