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Musculo-skeletal > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the characteristic features of the hip joint

A
  • Diarthrodial joint
  • Weight bearing
  • Ball and socket
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2
Q

Name the static and dynamic stabilisers of the hip

A
  • Static: bony morphology (congruence and anteversion of ball and socket) and labrum (negative intra-articular pressure)
  • Dynamic: musculature
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3
Q

Name the two superficial veins of the lower limb

A
  • Great saphenous vein

- Short saphenous vein

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4
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein

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5
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

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6
Q

Name the important lymph node groups in the lower limb

A

Superficial inguinal, deep inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes

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7
Q

Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?

A

Deeper socket - less dependent on muscles

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8
Q

What is the acetabular labrum and what is its function?

A

Fibrocartilaginous collar - lines the rim of the cavity and deepens the hip joint

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9
Q

List the 3 main ligaments of the hip joint

A
  • Iliofemoral
  • Pubofemoral
  • Ischiofemoral
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10
Q

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

It prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

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11
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

It prevents hyper abduction of the hip joint

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12
Q

Name the flexors of the hip

A
  • Iliacus and psoas major form iliopsoas
  • Pectineus
  • Sartorius
  • Adductus longus
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13
Q

Name the extensors of the hip

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
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14
Q

Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

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15
Q

Which muscle is the main flexor of the hip joint?

A

Iliopsoas

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16
Q

Name the adductor muscles of the hip

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator externus
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17
Q

Which nerve supplies the adductor compartment of the hip?

A

Obturator nerve

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18
Q

Name the abductors of the hip

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fascialata
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19
Q

Name the medial rotators of the hip

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fascia lata
  • (+adductor longus, brevis and magnus and pectineus)
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20
Q

Name the three compartments of the thigh

A
  • Anterior/extensors of the knee/quadriceps
  • Medial/adductors of the hip
  • Posterior/flexors of the knee/hamstrings
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21
Q

Name the four heads of quadriceps femoris

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus intermedius
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22
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-4)

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23
Q

What is the action of rectus femoris on the hip joint?

A

Flexion

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24
Q

Which muscle forms the the quadriceps tendon which continues as the patellar ligament?

A

Quadriceps femoris

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25
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps?

A
  • Mainly extensors of the knee

- Some are hip flexors

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26
Q

What are the actions of sartorius?

A
  • Flexion of the hip
  • Abduction of the leg
  • Lateral rotation of the hip
  • Flexion of the knee
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27
Q

Name the adductors of the leg

A
  • Adductor magnus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor longus
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator externus
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28
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial thigh musles?

A

Obturator nerve

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29
Q

The femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?

A

External iliac artery

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30
Q

The femoral artery enters the thigh between which two bony landmarks?

A
  • ASIS

- Pubic tubercle

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31
Q

Which vein does the femoral vein drain into?

A

External iliac vein

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32
Q

Which two veins drain into the femoral triangle?

A
  • Profunda femoris vein

- Great saphenous vein

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33
Q

List the muscles supplied by the femoral nerve

A
  • Sartorius
  • Pectineus
  • Iliacus
  • Quadriceps femoris
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34
Q

Which structures form the borders of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medial border: adductor longus
  • Lateral border: sartorius
  • Base: Pectineus, iliopsoas and adductor longus
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35
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral artery, vein and nerve

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36
Q

What is the femoral sheath and what does it contain

A
  • A funnel shaped fascial tube
  • Surrounds the proximal parts of the femoral vessels and medially the femoral canal which contains deep inguinal lymph nodes
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37
Q

Where does the adductor canal run?

A

From the femoral triangle to the popliteal fossa under the musculature

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38
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral vein
  • Nerve to vastus medialus
  • Saphenous nerve
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39
Q

Name the two major nerves of the lumbar plexus

A
  • Femoral

- Obturator

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40
Q

What are the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-4

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41
Q

Which structures make up the pelvic girdle?

A
  • Sacrum
  • Right and left hip bones
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Sacroiliac joints
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42
Q

Which foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?

A

Greater sciatic

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43
Q

Which foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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44
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial gluteal region ?

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fasciae latae
45
Q

Which muscles make up the deep gluteal region?

A
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Superior and inferior gemelli
  • Quadratus femoris
46
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

Fascia lata

47
Q

What is the name for the lateral part of the fascia lata?

A

Iliotibial tract

48
Q

Which two muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract?

A
  • Tensor fascia latae

- Gluteus maximus

49
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

50
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

51
Q

What is the action the deep muscles in the gluteal region?

A

Stabilisation of the hip and lateral rotation of the hip

52
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sacral plexus?

53
Q

Name the two main branches of the sacral plexus

A
  • Sciatic nerve

- Pudendal nerve

54
Q

Which nerve roots form the lumbosacral trunk?

55
Q

Name the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve

A
  • Tibial nerve

- Common fibular nerve

56
Q

Name the hamstring muscles

A

Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus

57
Q

What are the actions of the hamstring muscles?

A

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

58
Q

Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

59
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hing

60
Q

Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?

61
Q

Which muscle is most important in stabilising the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps femoris

62
Q

Name the two collateral ligaments of the knee and where they run

A
  • Fibular/lateral: lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
  • Tibial/medial: medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia
63
Q

Name the two crucuiate ligaments

A

Anterior and posterior crucuiate ligament

64
Q

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

It prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly and prevents hyperextension of the knee

65
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

It prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly

66
Q

What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?

A

Deepen the surface and provide shock absorption

67
Q

Name the muscles that flex the knee?

A
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Biceps femoris
68
Q

Name the muscles that extends the knee

A

Quadriceps

69
Q

Name the bursae that surround the knee joint

A
  • Suprapatellar
  • Subcutaneous
  • Deep infrapatellar
  • Subcutaeous infrapatellar
70
Q

Name the three compartments of the leg

A
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Posterior
71
Q

Name the four muscles of the anterior compartment

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallicus longus
  • Fibularis tertius
72
Q

What are the actions of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion of the ankle and extension of the toes

73
Q

Name the two branches of the common fibular nerve

A

Superficial and deep fibular

74
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg?

A

Deep fibular n.

75
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

76
Q

Name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

A
  • Fibularis longus

- Fibularis brevis

77
Q

What are the actions of the lateral muscles of the leg?

A
  • Eversion of the foot

- Weak plantarflexion

78
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular n.

79
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge

80
Q

Name the articular surfaces of the ankle

A

Distal end of the tibia and fibula and the superior part of the talus bone

81
Q

When is the malleolar grip strongest?

A

During dorsiflexion of the ankle joint

82
Q

When is the ankle joint most unstable?

A

During plantarflexion of the ankle

83
Q

Name the ligaments of the ankle joint

A
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Calcaneofibular
84
Q

Which muscles dorsiflex the ankle?

A

Anterior compartment:

  • Tibialis anterior
  • Fibularis tertius
  • Extensor hallicus longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
85
Q

Which muscles plantarflex the ankle?

A

Posterior Compartment:

  • Gatrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantoris
  • Flexor hallicus longus
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Tibialis posterior
86
Q

What type of joint is the superior tibio-fibular joint?

87
Q

What type of joint is the inferior tibio-fibular joint?

88
Q

Which structures make up the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Upper medial border: semimembranous/ semitendinous
  • Upper lateral border: biceps femoris
  • Inferior border: lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius
89
Q

Name the contents of the popliteal fossa

A
  • Fat
  • Popliteal artery
  • Popliteal vein
  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
  • Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic nodes
90
Q

What is the innervation of gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve (S1-2)

91
Q

What is the action of plantaris?

A

Proprioception

92
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

93
Q

Which branch of the popliteal artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

94
Q

Name the deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Popliteus
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallicus longus
95
Q

What is the deep fascia of the foot called?

A

Plantar fascia

96
Q

Name the muscles in the first layer of the foot

A
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
97
Q

Name the muscles in the second layer of the foot

A
  • Quadratus plantae

- Flexus hallucis longus

98
Q

Name the terminal branches of the tibial nerve

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

99
Q

Name the terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery

A

Lateral and medial plantar arteries

100
Q

Name the muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot

A
  • Flexor digit minimi brevis
  • Adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse)
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Abductor hallucis
101
Q

Name the muscles in the 4th layer of the foot

A
  • Dorsal interossei

- Plantar interossei

102
Q

What is the function of the plantar interossei?

A

Adduction of the digits

103
Q

What is the action of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction of the digits

104
Q

Name the passive factors which maintain the integrity of the arches of the foot

A
  • Shape of the bones
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Long plantar ligament
  • Short plantar ligament
105
Q

Name the dynamic factors which maintain the integrity of the arch of the foot

A
  • Intrinsic muscles of the foot
  • Long flexor tendons
  • Tendon of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus
106
Q

What is the blood supply to the femoral head?

A

-Medial and lateral femoral circumflex

107
Q

What are the functions of meniscii of the knee?

A
  • Load transmission
  • Stability
  • Proprioception
  • Shock absorption
108
Q

Name the invertors of the foot

A
  • Tibialis anterior

- Tibialis posterior

109
Q

Name the evertors of the foot

A
  • Fibularis lonus

- Fibularis brevis

Musculo-skeletal (27 decks)

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