Principles of Paediatric Orthopaedics Flashcards
What are the causes of intoeing and tripping?
- Femoral anteversion
- Int. tibial torsion
- Metatarsus adductus
Is femoral anteversion a developmental norm?
Yes
What does internal tibial torsion look like and how can it be treated?
- Increased thigh foot angle
- 90% spontaneously resolve
- Splints, wedges and insoles
How can gait be analysed?
- Observation
- Video
- 3D instrumented: lab, force plate and EMG
What is a gait cycle?
Single sequence of functions by one limb
What is a step length?
Distance between corresponding successive points of heel contact of the opposite feet
What is stride length?
The distance between successive points of heel contact of the same foot
What is a walking base?
The side to side distance between the line of the two feet
What is a cadence?
The number of steps per unit time (Normal is 100-115 steps/min)
What are the phases and components of a gait cycle?
- Stance phase
- Swing phase
- Single support
- Double support
What are the subdivisions of the stance phase of the gait cycle?
- Heel contact
- Foot flat
- Mid stance
- Heel off
- Toe off
What are the subdivisions of the swing phase of the gait cycle?
- Acceleration
- Mid swing
- Deceleration
List the common gait abnormalities
- Antalgic gait
- Lateral trunk tilt - Trendelenberg
- Functional leg-length discrepancy
- Increased walking base
- Inadequate dorsiflexion control
- Excessive knee extension
What are the features of an antalgic gait and what are the common causes?
- The stance phase on the affected side is shortened
- Corresponding increase in stance on unaffected side
- Splinter in foot, OA and tendinitis
What are the features of a lateral trunk tilt (Trelenberg gait) and what are the common causes?
- Usually unilateral
- Bilateral = waddling gait
- Painful hip, hip abductor weakness, leg-length discrepancy and abnormal hip joint