Upper Limb 2.5

Question 1

How does the brachial artery travel?

Answer 1

-The brachial artery crosses the elbow joint antecubital fossa, then divides to give the radial and ulnar arteries.

Question 2

How does the radial artery travel?

Answer 2

-The radial artery runs in the radial side of the forearm which is of course the lateral side.

Question 3

How does the ulnar artery travel?

Answer 3

-The ulnar artery is on the ulnar side which is the medial side -The ulnar gives a branch called the common interosseous artery, which is self immediately branches to form the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

Question 4

How does the anterior artery run?

Answer 4

-The anterior artery runs distally on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane between the shafts of the radials and ulnar.

Question 5

What does the posterior interossous artery do?

Answer 5

-The posterior interosseous artery pierces the superior region of the interosseous membrane and passes distally on its posterior surface. -You should note that all of these arteries give off local branches to supply tissues adjacent to them. All of the large arteries in the forearm pass to the wrist which they cross to enter the hand.

Question 6

What happens when the arteries of the forearm cross the wrist?

Answer 6

They form arterial arches

Question 7

What do the radial and ulnar arteries contribute to?

Answer 7

Palmar arches; the superficial and deep palmar arches

Question 8

What is on the posterior aspect of the wrist and hand?

Answer 8

-On the posterior aspect of the wrist and hand, the posterior interosseous artery crosses the wrist and forms the dorsal carpal arch, which also receives a contribution from the radial artery -These arches supply local tissues but they give numerous branches to the digits, the palmar, and dorsal digital arteries. They’re not labeled in these images, but just looking at them, you should be able to determine which they

Question 9

What is the venous return in the limbs?

Answer 9

1. Deep (accompanying the arteries) 2. Superficial (on the limb surface)

Question 10

What are the deep veins of the upper limb?

Answer 10

-When know names of arteries of upper limb, know deep veins as change term artery to vein -The deep veins and the arteries pass through the limb together, although obviously, blood flows in the opposite directions.

Question 11

What is the direction of arterial flow and proximal flow?

Answer 11

-Arterial flow is proximal to distal and venous flow is distal to proximal. -Pattern is essentially identical to the arteries and the names are the same- but for many of the labeled structures, there is no a single vein but multiple smaller veins. -This is because many of the deep veins are configured as what is known as venae comitantes.

Question 12

What are vena comitantes?

Answer 12

1. Venae comitantes are veins which accompany arteries as groups of smaller veins instead of a single lot of vein. 2. There usually in pairs but maybe in groups of three or four in some instances. 3. They tend to be connected by smaller veins.

Question 13

Why is the arrangement of the vena comitantes so good?

Answer 13

-This arrangement means that the vessels are intimately associated and it is believed that the pulsations of the arteries squeeze the veins which helps increase their venous return. -It is also suggested that the arrangement allows blood that has been cooled by the extremities to be warmed on its way back to the trunk

Question 14

What is the general pattern of superficial venous return?

Answer 14

-The general pattern of superficial venous return is that small veins in the digits drain into a superficial venous network on the dorsal of the hand, which the wrist forms two large veins that run proximately up the limb.

Question 15

What are the two large veins?

Answer 15

1. Cepahlic vein (which runs laterally) 2. Basilic vein (which runs medicallY)

Question 16

What happens in the elbow region?

Answer 16

-In the elbow region anterior to the cubital fossa, most people have of-in connects the basilic and cephalic veins, the median cubital vein. -This vein is routinely used as I said for venapuncture to take blood. -It is not always present or it may be very narrow but if that is the case, either of the two large veins are used instead.

Question 17

What happens after the entering the arm?

Answer 17

1. the basilic vein pierces the faster to go deep to join the venae comitantes of the brachial veins and forms the large basilic vein. 2. the cephalic vein continues to pass along the lateral aspect of the arm, then passes between the deltoid and pectoral muscles which pierces to local fascia to drain into the axillary vein, just before the axillary vein passes under the clavicle to become the subclavian vein.

Question 18

What is lymphatic drainage like in the upper limb?

Answer 18

-In general, the lymphatic vessels run with the veins and most organs and tissues. -So that the pattern of lymphatic drainage will effectively mirror that of the veins.

Question 19

What are the two regions that the lymph nodes associated with the upper limb are?

Answer 19

1. Small group in cubital fossa 2. Number of larger groups in the axilla

Question 20

Where do the cubital and axillary nodes drain?

Answer 20

1. The cubital nodes mainly drain the distal limb that is the hand and forearm 2. The axillary nodes receive lymphatic drainage from most of the limb but also from the breast.