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Z Year 1 Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three orthogonal planes?

A
  1. Sagittal or media 2. Horizontal or transverse (called axial in radiology) 3. Coronal or frontal
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2
Q

What are the directions and relationships described as?

A
  1. Medial or lateral 2. Superior or inferior 3. Anterior or posterior with reference to orientation of these planes
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3
Q

What are the positional and directional terms and what do they mean?

A

Rostral (toward head end) Caudal (tail end) Dosal (back) Ventral (belly)

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4
Q

What are the main structural divisions?

A

-CNS: brain (cranium), spinal cord (vertebral column) -PNS link between CNS and structures

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5
Q

What do the spinal nerves serve as?

A

Spinalnerves serve the upper lower limbs coalesce to form brachial or lumbar plexus within which fibres are redistributed Ito named peripheral nerves

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6
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

-PNS- consists of cranial and spinal nerves -PNS also include peripherally located nerve cell bodies some of which are aggregated within structures called ganglia

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7
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

neurones concerned with detecting changes in external environment or control of movement

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8
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

neurones that detect changes in and control activity of, the viscera

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9
Q

Where are somatic and autonomic component present?

A

In both CNS and PNS

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10
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

two anatomically and functionally distinct parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic division which have opposing (antagonistic) effects on structure the innervate

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11
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands (important part of homeostasis)

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12
Q

What are afferent neurones?

A

-nerve cells carry info from Peripheral receptor to CNS -If info they carry reach consciousness called sensory neurones

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13
Q

What are efferent neurones?

A

-carry impulses away from CNS -If the innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement also called motor neurones

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14
Q

Where are the vast majority of neurones located? What are they called?

A

entirely within CNS and called interneurones

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15
Q

What re projections to and from cerebral cortex called?

A

cortical afferents and efferents respectively

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16
Q

What are the terms “afferent” and “efferent: commonly used to denote?

A

polarity of projections to and from structures within the CNS, even though the projections are entirely contained within the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord supported and protected by?

A

bones of skull and vertebral column

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18
Q

What is the CNS entirely ensheathed by?

A

three centric layer of membranes called meninges

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19
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A
  1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. pia mater.
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20
Q

What is the outermost membrane and what is it like?

A
  1. dura mater 2. tough fibrous coat that surrounds brain and spinal cord like loose fitting bag
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21
Q

What is the spinal dura and much of cranial dura serperate from?

A

periosteum which forms inner lining of surrounding bones

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22
Q

What happens on the floor of cranial cavity as well as some other places?

A

dura and periosteum fused and cranial dura slightly adherent to interior surface of the skull

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23
Q

What are the two sheets of the cranial dura matter? What happens to them?

A

the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, incompletely divide the cranial cavity into compartments

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24
Q

What does the falx cerebri lie? What about the dural folds?

A

-lies in sagittal plane between two cerebral hemispheres -Its free border lies just above corpus callosum

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25
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

-orientated approx horizontally loving beneath occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres and above cerebellum -Tentorium cerebelli continuous with posterior part of the falx cerebri

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26
Q

What can the dura mater be related as?

A

-Dura mater can be regarded as consisting of two layers and these are fused together except in certain located where they become operated to form spaces, the dural venous sinuses

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27
Q

What do dural venous sinsues do?

A

Serves channels for venous drainage of the brain

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28
Q

Where do important dural sinuses occur?

A
  1. On the floor of the cranial cavity 2. Along lines of attachment of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli to the interior of the skull 3. Along line of attachment of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerbelli to one another
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29
Q

What is beneath the dura? Describe it

A

-arachnoid mater and the two separated by a thin subdural space -Arachnoid is translucent collagenous membrane that like dura loosely envelops the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

What is the innermost of meninges? Describe it

A

-pia mater -delicate membrane of microscopic thickness which is firmly adherent to surface of brain and spinal cord closely following surface contours

31
Q

What is below the arachnoid matter and between the arachnoid and Pia?

A

subarachnoid space through which cerebrospinal flux (CSF) circulates

32
Q

How is the brain supplied with arterial blood?

A

by internal cartoid and vertebral arteries which anastomose to form the circulus arterioles (circle of Willi) on the base of the brain

33
Q

How is spinal cord supplied with blood?

A

by vessels arising from the vertebral arteries reinforced by radicular arteries derived from segmental vessels

34
Q

What do the the arteries and veins serving the CNS run?

A

run for part of their course within subarachnoid space

35
Q

How are the meninges supplied?

A

by no. of vessels most significant inter cranial on is middle meningeal artery which ramifies extensively between the skull and dura mater overlying the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere

36
Q

What happens as the central canal of spinal cord is followed rostrally towards the brainstem?

A

it moves progressively in a dorsal direction, eventually opening out to form a shallow rhomboid-shaped depression on the dorsal surface of the medulla and pons (the hindbrain portion of the brainstem) beneath the cerebellum

37
Q

What cavity is formed as a result?

A

The fourth ventricle

38
Q

What happens at the rostral border of the pons?

A

the walls of the fourth ventricles converge forming once again. Brows tube the cerebral aqueduct

39
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

The cerebral aqueduct dives into the substance of the brainstem, running the length of the midbrain beneath the inferior and superior colliculi

40
Q

What happens at the junction of midbrain and forebrain?

A

The aqueduct opens into the third ventricle a slit-like chamber brows from side to side but extensive in dorsoventral and rostocaudal dimensions

41
Q

How are the lateral walls of the third ventricle formed?

A

by the thalamus and hypothalamus of the diencephalon

42
Q

What happens near the rostral end of the third ventricle?

A

A small aperture the inter ventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) communicates with an extensive chamber, the lateral ventricle, within each cerebral hemisphere

43
Q

What does the ventricular system contain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is secreted by the choroid plexus

44
Q

What is brain dominated by?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

Describe cerebral hemispheres

A

-These have highly convoluted outer mantle of grey matter, the cerebral cortex and an inner core of white matter, within which are located further masses of grey matter

46
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres incompletely separated by?

A

a deep cleft the great longitudinal fissure

47
Q

What is the fissure occupied by?

A

the falx cerebri and in its depths lies the corpus callosum, contains commissural nerve fibres that run between corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

48
Q

Label this

A
49
Q

What are the areas of the spine?

A
50
Q

Label this

A
51
Q

Where are the meninges?

A
52
Q

What are the different layers of the skin?

A
53
Q

Whats the back like?

A
54
Q

Label the superior view of the adult skull

A
55
Q

Label the dural folds

A
56
Q

Label the venous sinuses

A
57
Q

Describe the circle of willis

A
58
Q

Label these cranial nerves

A
59
Q

What are the different cranial fossae?

A
60
Q

Label the bones of the skull?

A
61
Q

Label the different skull foramina

A
62
Q

What comes out of the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone?

A

Olfactory (I)

63
Q

What comes out of the optic canal?

A
  • Optic nerve (II) (including central artery of retina)
  • Opthalamic artery
64
Q

What comes out of superior oribtal fissure?

A
  • Oculomotor (III)
  • Trochelar (IV)
  • Opthalamic divsion of V (V1)
  • Abducens (VI)
  • Superior opthalamic vein
65
Q

What comes out of the foramen rotundum?

A

-Maxillary divsion of V (V2)

66
Q

What comes out of the foramen ovale?

A

-Mandibular divsion of V (V3)

67
Q

What comes out of the foramen lacerum / sohenopetrosal fissure?

A

-Internal cartoid artery

68
Q

What comes out of the foramen spinosum?

A

-Middle meningeal artery and vein

69
Q

What comes out of the cartoid canal (internal aperture) ?

A

Internal cartoid artery

70
Q

What cones out of the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • Facial (VII)
  • Vestibulocochleasr (VIII)
  • Labyrinthine artery
71
Q

What comes ouot of the jugular foramen?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • Vagus (X)
  • Accessory (XI)
  • Sigmoid sinus to internal jugular vein
72
Q

What comes out of hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

73
Q

What comes out of the foramen magnum?

A
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Medulla of brain
  • Spinal roots of accessory nerve

Z Year 1 Anatomy (16 decks)

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