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Z Year 1 Anatomy > Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the neck?

A
  1. Structural, it supports and moves the head 2. Visceral functions whereby it houses the digestive and parts of the digestive and respiratory systems and some endocrine glands 3. Is a conduit for blood vessels going up from the thorax to the head and neck, and also taking nerves down from the head and neck to the to the thorax
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2
Q

What is the fascia?

A

A connective tissue mainly composed of collagen fibers, and it organises the body into different compartments

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3
Q

Why is the fascia important clinically?

A

It permits the spread of infection within compartments.

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4
Q

What is the superficial fascia?

A

-The superficial fascia is the most external facial layer in the neck. -It contains contains a thin muscle, the platysma at the front of the neck

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5
Q

What is the deep to the superficial fascia?

A

-Deep to the superficial fascia is the deep fascia which is the the investing fascia which is divided up into a number of different layers.

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6
Q

What are the different layers?

A

-The pretracheal fascia -The carotid sheath -The investing fascia -The prevertebral fascia All associated with different compartments that house different structures

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7
Q

Describe the pretracehal fascia

A

-Surrounds some of the visceral components of the neck -In which we can find some of the components of the digestive system and the respiratory systems, along with some endocrine glands

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8
Q

What compartment does the carotid sheath surround?

A

Vascular compartment

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9
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia surround?

A

-surrounds whole host of muscle towards back of neck -number of muscles which help move and stabilise the head

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10
Q

What is in the investing layer of fascia?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

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11
Q

What is in pair of carotid sheath?

A

-pair of carotid sheath one on each side of the neck containing internal jugular vein and a common carotid artery, and a vagus nerve.

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12
Q

What is in pretracheal layer?

A

-trachea -posterior to that we can see the esophagus, -thyroid gland, lateral to the trachea

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13
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

A

Runs from skull down sternum and clavicle and divides neck into two triangles (anterior and posterior triangle)

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14
Q

What are borders of anterior triangle?

A
  • Anterior border
  • Midline of neck
  • Inferior border of the mandible
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15
Q

What are borders of posterior triangle?

A
  • The posterior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • The anterior border of this muscle here
  • The trapezius muscle, and the clavicle here.
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16
Q

What muscles are in the anterior triangle?

A

1.platysma, which is a large sheet of muscle at the front of the neck and some muscles deeper to that 2. Mylohyoid 3. Digastric 4. Infrahyoid muscles -Some blood vessels such as the carotid arteries

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17
Q

What are the vessels and nerves in the posterior triangle?

A

-external jugular vein -subclavian vessels (subclavian artery and subclavian vien) -trunks of the brachial plexus, which are the principal supply to the upper limb -phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm, -vagus nerve which has functions in both the respiratory, cardiovascular and the abdominal or GI tract, and -The spinal accessory nerve which moves a pair of muscles in the neck.

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18
Q

What does the accessory nerve do?

A

supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

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19
Q

What are the principal beaches of the external carotid?

A

-the superior thyroid artery -the ascending pharyngeal artery -the lingual artery -facial occipital -an artery emerging, supplying the back behind the ear, the skin of the back of the ear. -Superficial temporal -A main branch the maxillary artery, which has a very important branch, which goes into the cranial cavity to supply the meninges.

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20
Q

What can facial muscles do?

A

-Control our expressions -Act to dilate or contact the orifices of the face such as the eyes and the mouth

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21
Q

What are the facial muscles grouped into?

A

Orbital, nasal, oral

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22
Q

What are the facial muscles enervated by?

A

Cranial nerve number 7 - the facial nerve

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23
Q

Where does the facial nerve divide?

A

Facial nerve divides up in the substance of the parotid gland, although it doesn’t innervate the parotid gland

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24
Q

What are the main branches of the facial nerve?

A

-temporal branch -the zygomatic -the buccal -mandibular -cervical branches

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25
Q

What is the temporormanidbular join or TMJ?

A

Joint between mandible and temporal bone

26
Q

What is the TMJ?

A

-pair of joints synovial joints on either side of the head -They allow opening and closing of the mouth for chewing a process known as mastication, and muscles which move the mandible are known as the muscles of mastication -they are innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve number five.

27
Q

What are movement of TMJ dependent upon?

A

-The movements which occur at the temporomandibular joint are dependent upon the level to which the mandible is open. -So when the jaw is slightly opened, a hinge action predominates i.e. opening and closing of the mouth. -When the jaw is opened widely, both a hinge and a gliding action occur.

28
Q

What do the movement of the mandible include?

A
  1. Protrusion, where the jaw moves forwards, 2. Retraction, where the jaw moves backwards 3. Elevation and depression where the jaw respectively moves upwards and downwards.
29
Q

What are the muscles that bring about the movements of the mandible?

A

-Most superficial muscle -Temporalis muscle and masseter muscle

30
Q

Where do the master muscle come from?

A

-The masseter muscles, which attach to the ramus and angle of the mandible and come from the zygomatic arch, cause elevation of the mandible and they are used when forced closure of the mouth is required.

31
Q

What is the lateral pterygoid? What does it do?

A

-attached to the sphenoid bone, and the pterygoid plate -attached to the mandible. -depress and protract the mandible, which is required when opening the mouth.

32
Q

What is the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

-attached to the lateral pterygoid plate,the maxilla and the palate and attached to the angle of the mandible -bring about elevation, protraction and when used in isolation, bring about side to side movements required for grinding.

33
Q

What are the orbits?

A

-bilateral structures which contain: 1. the eyeball 2. the muscles which move the eye 3. the extraocular muscles 4. the optic nerve, and other nerves and vessels.

34
Q

What does the orbit have?

A

-a floor -a roof -a medial wall -a lateral wall

35
Q

What is the roof of the orbit formed by?

A

from the orbital plate of the frontal bone

36
Q

What is the floor of the orbit formed by?

A

orbital plate of the maxilla.

37
Q

What is the medial wall made up of?

A

ethmoid and lacrimal bones,

38
Q

What is the lateral wall made up of?

A

zygoma

39
Q

What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  1. the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve v1, 2. the oculomotor nerve which is the third cranial nerve, 3. the trochlear nerve cranial nerve number four, 4. the abducens nerve cranial nerve number six, along with some ophthalmic vessels and sympathetic fibers.
40
Q

What is more medial in eye?

A

-the optic canal -through this passes the optic nerve cranial nerve number two, and the ophthalmic artery

41
Q

What is the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Conveys V2 division maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, and the infraorbital vessels.

42
Q

What are the four rectus or straight muscles?

A

-one on the medial side of the eyeball, the medial rectus -the lateral rectus towards the lateral aspect of the eye. -This is the cut muscle here. -We can see a superior rectus on top and an inferior rectus below. -There are some additional muscles, the oblique muscles here, is the superior oblique muscle and here is the inferior oblique muscle.

43
Q

What is the common origin of rectus muscles?

A

-common tenderness ring -they each insert into the eyeball about five millimeters or so behind the cornea

44
Q

What are the rectus muscles mostly supplied by?

A

-They’re mainly supplied by the oculomotor nerve, which is cranial nerve number three, -Except for the lateral rectus muscle which is supplied by the abducens nerve cranial nerve number six.

45
Q

Where do the two oblique muscles the superior and inferior arise from?

A

-the orbital surface of the maxilla for the inferior oblique -the body of the sphenoid bone, for the superior oblique.

46
Q

Where do the two oblique muscles the superior and inferior insert? What are they supplied by?

A

-into the outer posterior Cortlandt for the inferior surface for the inferior oblique -the superior surface for the superior oblique. -They’re supplied by the oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve number three, for the inferior oblique and by the trochlear nerve, for the superior oblique.

47
Q

Which muscle moves the eyelid?

A

-the levator palpebrae superiores -has a number of fibers, which are innervated by sympathetic nerves.

48
Q

How do you test the lateral recuts muscle?

A

-Ask someone to look laterally –You would test the left eye asking the subject to move to look left, and you would test the right by asking the subject to look right, and you would test each eye independentl

49
Q

How would you test the medial rectus muscle?

A

-For the medial rectus muscle, you would ask the person to look towards the nose, again separately testing the left eye and the right eye.

50
Q

How would you test the superior rectus and inferior rectus muscle?

A

-For the superior rectus and inferior rectus muscle, you would ask the subject to respectively look upwards and look downwards.

51
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do?

A

carrying fibers which will supply the muscle here, the superior oblique muscle.

52
Q

What does the optic chiasma do?

A

where a proportion of fibers coming from the eye will cross to the other side of the body.

53
Q

What is the occulosmotor nerve?

A

cranial nerve number 3 which innervates a number of muscles which move the eye, as well as carrying some autonomic fibers which alter the size of the pupil and alter the thickness of the lens.

54
Q

What are the different divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

-We can also see one of the main divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the ophthalmic or first division of the trigeminal nerve, V1, the other divisions being V2 the maxillary division, and V3 the mandibular division.

55
Q

Label the inside view of the neck

A
56
Q

Label this

A
57
Q

What are the muscles in the neck?

A
58
Q

What is the posterior triangle ike?

A
59
Q

What nerves are in the psoterior trinagle?

A
60
Q

What is the principal arterial supply to the neck?

A

Z Year 1 Anatomy (16 decks)

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