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Z Year 1 Anatomy > Upper Limb 2 > Flashcards

Upper Limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When is a nerve plexus formed?

A

A nerve plexus formed when peripheral spinal nerve roots merge and split to produce a network of nerves from which new multi-segmental peripheral nerves emerge

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2
Q

What are both upper and lower limbs supplied by?

A

plexuses

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3
Q

What is the upper limb innervated by?

A

Brachial plexus

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4
Q

What is the lower limb innervated by?

A

Lumbo-sacral plexus

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5
Q

What is the structure of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. The roots enter the inferior neck from the spinal column where they form the trunks
  2. These trunks pass under the clavicle to enter the axillary region where they form six divisions.
  3. The divisions merge to form three distinct cords.
  4. In the distal part of the axilla, the chords branch to form the main terminal nerves.
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6
Q

What forms the superior trunk?

A

Upper two spinal roots C5 and C6 merge

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7
Q

What happens for C7, C8 and T1?

A

-The single middle root C7 continues as the middle trunk -The lower routes C8 and T1, merge to form the inferior trunk.

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8
Q

What do the anterior and posterior divisions innervate?

A

The fibers of the three anterior divisions will ultimately innervate anterior structures, while those of the posterior division will innervate posterior structures

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9
Q

What does the anterior division form the superior and middle trunk merge to form?

A
  • The lateral cord
  • The single anterior division from the inferior trunk continues as the medial cord
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10
Q

What happens to all three of the posterior divisions?

A

Merge to form the posterior cord

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11
Q

What happens at the end of cord?

A

Cords give off the terminal branches which are the larger peripheral nerves of the upper limb

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12
Q

How are cords named?

A

-In relation to their position with the axillary artery -also function, e.g. nerves form lateral cord mostly enervate lateral structures

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13
Q

How are the peripheral nerves related to the plexus?

A

Gripped by position from which the branch off the plexus

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14
Q

How do the superclavicaular nerves branch?

A

-Branch from the proximal part of the plexus superior to the clavicle –These nerves branch off from some of the roots and the superior trunk to supply some scapular muscles.

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15
Q

Where do the interaclavicular nerves branch from?

A

the distal parts of the plexus inferior to the clavicle in the axilla.

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16
Q

How can the branches of the cord be divided?

A

-These are branches of the cords which can be further divided into two sub-groups. 1. The state branches, the individual muscles or specific cutaneous regions 2. The large terminal branches which innervate numerous structures in the arm, forearm, and hand.

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17
Q

What are most of the peripheral nerves supplying the upper limb?

A

Branches of the plus being, supraclavicular or infraclavicular

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18
Q

Describe supraclavicular branches

A

From roots and trunks e.g. dorsal scapular nerve, long thoracic nerve

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19
Q

Describe infraclavicular branches

A

Side branches to pectoral girdle mules and the main peripheral nerves e.g. branches to some scapular muscles and the large terminal branches e.g. radial, ulnar median

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20
Q

What is the musculocutaneous nerve?

A
  • Terminal branch of lateral cord of brachial plexus
  • Supplies both skin and muscle
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21
Q

How does the musculocuanteous nerve travel?

A

-exits the axillary region -enters the anterior arm, with branches to supply the muscles of that compartment.

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22
Q

What muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Anterior muscles of the arm

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23
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the musculocutaous nerve?

A

Lateral forearm

24
Q

What happens to the musculocutaneous nerve after it branches from lateral cord of brachial plexus?

A

-Exist Scilla -Enter anterior arm -Peicring coracobrachiallis -Then branches to biceps and brachilias muscles

25
Q

What happens with the terminal branch of the cutaneous elements of nerve?

A

-Crosses elbow -Innervate anterolateral surface of forarm -Branch named lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm

26
Q

What is the ulnar nerve?

A

Terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus

27
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve pass?

A

Passes from the axilla to the medial aspect of the arm: Gives off no significant branches here

28
Q

How does the ulnar nerve cross the elbow?

A

-Crosses the elbow by passing posteriorly to the medial epicondyle of the humerus: superficial and can be palpated - this makes it susceptible to injury -After crossing the elbow, the nerve gives branches to two of the more medial of the anterior forearm muscles

29
Q

How does the ulnar nerve pass after the elbow?

A

-The bulk of the nerve continues to pass distally, crossing the rest at its anterolateral aspect -entering the hand to innervate many of the intrinsic muscles, and also a region of cutaneous innervation.

30
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

-Flexor carpi ulnas muscle -Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus muscle

31
Q

How does the ulnar nerve enter the hand?

A

crosses the wrist at it’s anterolateral medial aspect.

32
Q

What does the ulnar nerve do once it is in the hand?

A

-gives off terminal branches to innervate most of the intrinsic muscles including the muscles of the hypothenar eminence the two media lumbricals: -The palmar interossei -The dorsal interossei.

33
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

The ulnar nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the medial aspect of the hand including the little finger, and the middle half of the ring finger

34
Q

What is the median nerve formed from?

A

-The median nerve is formed from the merger of branches from two cores of the brachial plexus, the lateral and medial cords

35
Q

How does the median nerve passes?

A

-passes distally out of the axilla to run medially in the arm -does not give off nay significant branches in the arm

36
Q

How does the median nerve cross the elbow?

A

-It crosses the elbow joint into the forearm which supplies most of the anterior muscles. -You’ll remember that the ulnar nerve supplies two medial muscles in the forearm. The nerve crosses the wrist and enters the hand through the carpal tunnel. -It supplies the thenar eminence muscles, and a large part of skin of the palm and digits

37
Q

Describe the passage of the median nerve?

A

-supplies the anterior forearm muscles except, flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum profundus, which are supplied by the ulnar nerve -Passes under the flexor digitorum which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel, and it gives off its terminal branches when it enters the hand.

38
Q

Which intrinsic muscles of the hand does the median nerve supply?

A

the muscles of the thenar eminence and the lateral two lumbricals

39
Q

What is the pattern of sensory supply int he hand by the median nerve?

A

To the lateral palm and digits

40
Q

What are the terminal branches of the posterior cord?

A

-The axillary and radial nerves, the radial being the larger by far -Both nerves exit the axillary region posteriorly

41
Q

How does the axillary nerve pass?

A

-The axillary nerve passes laterally under the shoulder joint, to meet the deep surface of deltoid muscle which it enervates. -A cutaneous branch, the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm, pierces the muscle to supply the skin and that region.

42
Q

What does the axially nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid muscle and upper lateral aspect of the arm

43
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

-All arm and forearm posterior muscles, no intrinsic hand muscles

44
Q

How does the radial nerve travel?

A

When it enters the arm, radial nerve gives branches to triceps muscle, and passes distillate running in the radial groove of the shaft of the humerus

45
Q

What does the radial nerve do near the elbow?

A

-As it approaches the elbow, it passes anteriorly to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus where it divides to give superficial and deep branches -The superficial branch is entirely a sensory branch, supplying the dorsum or back of the hand -Divides as it approaches elbow region -Gives two terminal branches: the superficial and deep branches

46
Q

What does the deep branch supply?

A

Motor innervation to the posterior dream muscles

47
Q

How does the superficial branch run?

A

-The superficial branch, runs laterally towards the wrist with a supplies skin to the posterior, lateral region of the hands

48
Q

How does the deep branch run?

A

-The deep branch, passes distally in the posterior proximal forearm supplying the posterior muscles

49
Q

what re the two major servers entryway anterior aspect of the hand?

A

The ulnar and median nerves

50
Q

Where does the radial nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve innervate?

A

-The pattern of innervation in this diagram shows the supply to the digits, where the ulnar nerve supplies the medial one and a half digits, and the median nerve supplies the lateral three and a half. -The consequences of the pattern of supply can be seen in this photograph showing the skin colored to highlight which regions of the skin are supplied by which nerve.

51
Q

Where is the majority of the blood supply to the upper limbs from?

A

The left and right subclavian arteries

52
Q

How do the left and subclavian arteries travel? When is it called the axillary artery? What are the arteries like in the shoulder and arm?

A

-These arteries pass under the left or right clavicle to enter the axilla, which is the inferior space between the shoulder and the arm. -Once the subclavian artery has passed under the clavicle, it becomes the axillary artery

53
Q

How many parts is the axillary artery divided into?

A

3

54
Q

What do the anterior and posterior circumflex branches encircle?

A

-The anterior and posterior circumflex branches encircle the superior part of the shaft of the humerus just inferior to the shoulder joint which they supply.

55
Q

What artery is the main supply to the arm?

A

-Brachial artery

56
Q

What is the largest branch of the brachial artery?

A

-Its largest branch is profunda brachii the deep artery of the arm which supplies much of this region –Note you can see how richly supplied the scapula and it’s covering of muscles receives. The scapular arteries, anastomosis which is linking up to ensure an efficient constant supply.

Z Year 1 Anatomy (16 decks)

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