Upper Limb

Question 1

What is the function of T1?

Answer 1

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

Question 1

What is the function of C5?

Answer 1

Shoulder abduction
Elbow flexion

Question 2

What is the function of C7?

Answer 2

Elbow extension
Finger extension

Question 3

What are the ligaments & articulations of the AC joint?

Answer 3

Ligs: AC lig, coracoclavicular lig
Artic: Lateral end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

Question 4

How does an AC joint dislocation occur?

Answer 4

Direct blow/FOOSH/Fall onto shoulder
Acromion pushed inferomedially in respect to clavicle

Question 5

What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 5

M: Ext pollicis longus
L: Abd pollicis longus & Ext pollicis brevis
D: 1st Metacarpal
F: Scaphoid & trapezium

Question 6

What are the anterior arm muscles? What innervates them? What are their functions?

Answer 6

Coracobrachialis: Flex arm, MC nerve
Biceps brachii: Flex & supinate forearm, MC nerve
Brachialis: Flex forearm, MC nerve

Question 7

What are the superficial compartment forearm muscles?

Answer 7

Flex carpi ulnaris: Flex & add wrist
Flex carpi radialis: Flex & abd wrist
Palmaris longus: Flex wrist
Pronator teres: Pronate forearm

Question 8

What nerve innervates the forearm muscles?

Answer 8

Median nerve except Carpi ulnaris & part of flex digitorum profundus

Question 9

What muscles makes up the intermediate compartment of the forearm?

Answer 9

Flex digitorum superficialis: Flex MCPJ & PIPJ, flex wrist

Question 10

What muscles makes up the deep compartment of the forearm?

Answer 10

Flex digitorum profundus: Flex MCPJ, DIPJ, flex wrist
Flex pollicis longus: Flex MCPJ & IPJ thumb
Pronator quadratus: Pronate forearm

Question 11

How can the axillary nerve be injured? How does this present?

Answer 11

Dislocation, fracture of surgical neck, trauma/surgery
Loss of abduction of arm
Weak lateral rotational
Loss of sensation over regimental badge

Question 12

How does Erb’s palsy occur?

Answer 12

Inc in angle between neck & shoulder
C5-C6 affected
Loss of lateral arm sensation
Loss of abduction, flex, lateral rotation, flex & supination of forearm
Waiter’s tip deformity

Question 13

How does Klumpke’s palsy present?

Answer 13

Sudden excessive abduction e.g catching overhead as you fall
C8-T1 affected
Motor loss intrinsic hand movement
Loss of medial arm sensation
Claw hand deformity

Question 14

What are the boundaries of the carpal tunnel?

Answer 14

Roof: Flexor retinaculum
Carpal arch: Pisiform, hook of hamate, scaphoid & trapezium

Question 15

What is the contents of the carpal tunnel?

Answer 15

4 tendons of FDP
4 tendons of FDS
Tend of FPL
Median nerve

Question 16

What are the articulations of the elbow? What are the stabilising factors?

Answer 16

A: Trochlea of humerus w/trochlear notch of ulna, capitulum of humerus w/head of radius
S: Joint capsule, radial & ulna collateral ligs

Question 17

What muscles & nerve are involved in flexion & extension of the elbow?

Answer 17

F: MC & radial nerve, biceps, brachial, brachioradialis
E: Radial nerve, triceps, anconeus

Question 18

Where does the extensor & flexor retinaculum attach?

Answer 18

E: Radium to pisiform/triquetrum
F: Scaphoid/trapezium to pisiform/hook of hamate

Question 19

What causes a mallet & Boutonniere’s deformity?

Answer 19

M: Division of terminal extensor tendon, distal phalanx held in forced flexion
B: Division of central slip in extensor tendon, forced flexion w/hyperextension of distal phalanx

Question 20

What are the functions of the rotator cuff muscles? What is their innervation?

Answer 20

S: Initial abduction, most commonly injured, suprascapular nerve
I: Lateral rotation, suprascapular
T: Lateral rotation, axillary
S: Medial rotation, upper & lower subscapular nerves

Question 21

What are the Sx of a MC nerve injury?

Answer 21

Usually stab to axilla
Sensory loss to lateral forearm
Weakness of flexion & Supination of forearm

Question 22

What are the upper limb reflexes?

Answer 22

C5-6 = Biceps
C6-7 = Supinator
C7-8 = Triceps

Question 23

What muscles make up the posterior forearm?

Answer 23

Superficial: Brachioradialis, E carpi radialis longus & brevis, E difitorum, E digiti mini, anconeus, E Carpi ulnaris
Deep: Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, E pollicis longus & brevis, E indicis
ALL INNERVATED BY RADIAL

Question 24

What is the function of triceps brachii?

Answer 24

Extension of forearm at elbow
Extension & adduction of arm at shoulder

Question 25

What is the function of triceps brachii?

Answer 25

Extension of forearm at elbow
Extension & adduction of arm at shoulder