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Anatomy > Head & Neck > Flashcards

Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the deep investing fascia lie?

A

jaw round the skull down to the clavicle & shoulders

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2
Q

What does the visceral deep fascia cover?

A
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Thyroid gland
  • Joins on to the pericardium
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3
Q

What structures are enclosed in the carotid sheath?

A
  • Internal Jugular
  • Common carotid
  • Vagus nerve
  • Internal carotid
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4
Q

What are the different deep fasciae in the neck?

A
  • Deep investing
  • Visceral deep
  • Carotid sheath
  • Prevertebral
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5
Q

What structures are in the prevertebral fascia?

A
  • Spine
  • Paraspinal muscles (sternomastoid, weak flexors & extensors)
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6
Q

What are the potential spaces in the neck?

A

Retropharyngeal
Space between Visceral deep & prevertebral

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7
Q

Where is the parapharyngeal space?

A

Base of the skull to the hyoid bone

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8
Q

What is the significance of the parapharyngeal space?

A

Infection from upper teeth & adenoids & tonsils can pass into this space becoming an abscess

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9
Q

What is the significance of the Retropharyngeal space?

A

Formation of abscess (usually in children) from infection spread from adenoids & teeth.
Can cause airway compromise

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10
Q

What is the significance of the Submandibular space?

A
  • Between mylohyoid & deep investing fascia
  • Dental abscess can spread here
  • Ludwigs angina involves this space
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11
Q

What is the function of sternomastoid?

A

Singly rotate head
Together extend the head

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12
Q

What is the function of the supra hyoid muscles?

A

Elevating the hyoid as part of swallowing

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13
Q

What is the function of the infra hyoid muscles?

A

Involved in swallowing and depressing the larynx

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14
Q

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid?

A

Below cricothyroid membrane

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15
Q

Where does the thyroid attach?

A

2nd & 3rd tracheal rings

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16
Q

How many tracheal rings are there?

A

C shaped- incomplete
15-20 rings

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17
Q

Where do the cervical sympathetic nerves leave the spine?

A

T1-L2

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18
Q

How do sympathetic nerves travel?

A

In the walls of arteries

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19
Q

How does sympathetic flow go to the neck?

A

Travels through 3 ganglia

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20
Q

What are the places a Horner’s syndrome can arise?

A
  • Spinal cord (syringomyelia)
  • Root level (brachial plexus)
  • Ganglion (penetrating trauma)
  • Lung apex (pan coast tumour)
  • Carotid artery (aneurysm)
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21
Q

What are the structures in the root of the neck?

A
  • 1st rib
  • Scalenus anterior
  • Thoracic duct
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Subclavian artery
22
Q

What are the functions of scalenus anterior?

A
  • Separates artery from the vein at the 1st rib
  • Pushes phrenic nerve more anteriorly
23
Q

What is the significance of a thoracic duct injury?

A

Chylothorax

24
Q

Why is the JOH lymph node important?

A

May be enlarged in tongue cancer

25
Q

What nerve innervates the facial muscles?

A

Facial nerve (7th nerve)

26
Q
A
  • Frontalis: Raise eyebrows
  • Obicularis Oculi: Screw up eyes
  • Obicularis Oris: Contract mouth, facial expression
27
Q

What is the function of the Buccinator muscle?

A
  • Contracts and holds the contents of the mouth between the teeth
  • Infants: helps with suction e.g breast-feeding
28
Q

What is the path of the facial nerve?

A

Middle ear to styelomastoid foramen through the parotid gland before splitting into 5 motor branches

29
Q

What are the 5 motor branches of the facial nerve?

A
  • Temporal: Frontalis muscle
  • Zygomatic: Eye muscles
  • Buccal: Upper lip muscles
  • Marginal mandibular
  • Cervical: innervates latismus
    All involved in facial expression
30
Q

What is the function of the motor route of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Muscles of mastication

31
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Ophthalmic
  • Maxillary
  • Mandibular
32
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Supratrochlear
  • Supraorbital
  • Lacrimal
  • Infratrochlaer
  • Anterior ethmoidal
33
Q

Why is the significance of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Involved in Herpes Zoster impacting the eye

34
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Zygomaticotemoral
  • Zygomaticofacial
  • Infraorbital (blocked for upper lip operations)
35
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Auriculotemporal
  • Buccal
  • Mental
36
Q

What are the paths of the arteries in the face?

A

External carotid, branches to under the mandible, lateral to the mouth, crosses the cheek ending at the medial border of the eye
Superficial temporal artery’s continuation of the external carotid becoming the superficial temporal artery

37
Q

What is the path of the facial vein?

A

Travels along the check then branches to connect with the ophthalmic vein and to the cavernous sinus

38
Q

What is the significance of the connection of the facial nerve to the cavernous sinus?

A

Infection in the eye/neck can travel in the facial vein back towards the cavernous sinus causing thrombosis

39
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

S: Skin
C: Connective tissue
A: Aponeurosis
L: Loose connective tissue
P: Periosteum

40
Q

Why can you get black eyes when banging the top of your head?

A

Bleeding under the aponeurosis can only track forwards as is not attached to bone here

41
Q

What nerves make up the posterior rami of the head?

A
  • Greater occipital
  • Lesser occipital
42
Q

What nerves make up the ventral rami of the head?

A
  • Greater auricular
43
Q

What nerves give sensation to the external ear?

A
  • Auriculotemporal
  • Lesser occipital
  • Greater auricular
  • Vagus/glossopharyngeal (ear canal supply)
44
Q

What bones make up the temporal fossa?

A
  • Zygomatic arch
  • Temporal
  • Sphenoid
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
45
Q

What structures run over the temporal fossa?

A
  • Superficial temporal artery
  • Auriculotemporal
  • Temporal branch of the facial nerve
46
Q

How is the masseter nerve innervated?

A

Motor part of trigeminal nerve

47
Q

What is the innervation to the parotid?

A

Secretion: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Parasympathetic - Otic ganglion

48
Q

How does the branches of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

A
  • Ophthalmic: Orbital fissure
  • Maxillary: Foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular: Foramen ovale
49
Q

What is the function of the Chorda tympani?

A
  • Taste sensation to anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
  • Parasympathetic fibres to submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
50
Q

Where do nerve 9, 10, 11 leave the skull

A

Jugular foramen

51
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Motor to swallow/speech
  • Parasympathetic to parotid
  • Visceral sensation from carotid body & sinus
  • Sensation from ear, upper pharynx & post 1/3rd tongue (including taste)
52
Q

What nerve is responsible for parasympathetic supply from the neck to colon?

A

Vagus

Anatomy (7 decks)

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