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GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY > Upper GIT Structure and function > Flashcards

Upper GIT Structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the voluntary control of chewing?

A

Somatic nerves - skeletal muscles of mouth/jaw

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2
Q

What is the reflex control of chewing?

A

Increased pressure of food on gums, hard palate, tongue triggers mechanoreceptors to inhibit jaw muscles

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3
Q

From where is saliva secreted?

A

3 pairs:
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Submental glands

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4
Q

What is in saliva?

A 
Water
a-amylase
Lysozyme
Mucins
Electrolytes
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5
Q

What is the role of water in saliva?

A

Soften/moisten food
Dilute particles
Act as solvent

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6
Q

What is the role of mucins in saliva?

A

Combine with water to form mucus

Viscous solution acting as lubricant

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7
Q

What is the function of a-amylase in saliva?

A

Hydrolyse a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Catalyse polysaccharides

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8
Q

What is the role of electrolytes in saliva?

A

Maintain tonicity

Regulate roughly neutral pH

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9
Q

What is the role of lysozymes in saliva?

A

Bacteriocidal

cleaves polysaccharide of bacterial cell wall

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10
Q

What types of glands are the salival glands?

A

Exocrine

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11
Q

What types of alveolus are present in the salivary glands?

A

Mucus alveolus
Serous alveolus
Mixed alveolus

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12
Q

What is the function of mucus alveoli?

A

Produce mucins

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13
Q

What is the function of serous alveolus?

A

Produce proteins

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14
Q

What nerves control parasympathetic salivary secretion?

A

VII (Facial)

IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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15
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the salivary secretion?

A

Profuse watery salivary secretion

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16
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the salivary secretion?

A

Small volume of highly viscous saliva

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17
Q

alpha1 adrenoreceptor stimulation has what effect on saliva?

A

High mucus content

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18
Q

alpha2 adrenoreceptor stimulation has what effect on saliva?

A

High amylase content

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19
Q

What is the reflex control of salivary secretion?

A

Presense of food in the mouth triggers chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

20
Q

How long is the esophagus?

A

25cm

21
Q

What are the histological layers of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

22
Q

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

23
Q

Are there glands present in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

Yes

24
Q

What types of muscle is present in the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle

Lower 2/3 - smooth muscle

25
Q

What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

Stops regurgitation

26
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

Stopping reflux

27
Q

Describe the oral phase of swallowing

A

Voluntary

Bolus pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue

28
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Presence of bolus causes reflex contractions of pharyngeal muscles
Soft palate reflects backwards (closing nasopharynx)

29
Q

Where is the pharyngeal phase co-ordinated

A

Swallowing centre (medulla)

30
Q

How does the esophagus respond as the bolus approaches?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and epiglottis covers laryngeal opening

31
Q

How does the esophagus respond as the bolus enters?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter contracts, closing the opening

32
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

Propulsion of bolus via peristaltic wave (10sec)

33
Q

Describe the peristaltic wave

A

Contraction of muscle behind the bolus and relaxing muscle ahead

34
Q

How is the receptive relaxation of the stomach initiated?

A

Initiated by relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter

35
Q

What is the vagal response of this?

A

Relaxation of the thin, elastic smooth muscle of the fundus and body

36
Q

What are the volume changes of the stomach

A

50ml –> 1500ml

37
Q

What are the pressure changes of the stomach upon receiving food?

A

None

38
Q

What is the non-compensatable factor of the stomach?

A

Production of Intrinsic Factor

39
Q

Where does adventitia end and serosa begin?

A

Passing the diaphragm

40
Q

What is the most superior, hollow area of the stomach called?

A

Fundus

41
Q

How many layers of muscle has the stomach? Name them

A

3 layers
Longitudinal Muscle
Circular Muscle
Oblique muscle

42
Q

What is the function of the oblique muscle of the stomach?

A

Contract to wring out the stomach, creating additional torque

43
Q

What is the area where the oesophagus reaches the stomach called?

A

Cardiac region

44
Q

What is the final part of the stomach called?

A

Pyloric region

45
Q

What stomach structure controls outflow of the stomach into the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

46
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in the submucosa and mucosa which stretch when filled

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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