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GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY > Gastrointestinal Embryology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Exposure to teratogens is most harmful when?

A

Weeks 4-8

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2
Q

Organogenesis occurs during which weeks?

A

3-8

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3
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

Bilaminar –> Trilaminar disk

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4
Q

Ectoderm forms what?

A

Epidermis, CNS, PNS, retina, adrenals

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5
Q

Endoderm forms what?

A

GIT, Resp, glands, liver, pancreas

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6
Q

Mesoderm forms what?

A

CVS, connective tissue, muscles, bone marrow

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7
Q

Primordial gut arises when?

A

Week 4

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8
Q

What closes the primordial gut at the cranial end?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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9
Q

What closes the primordial gut at the caudal end?

A

Cloacal membrane

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10
Q

What separates the esophagus and the lung buds?

A

Tracheo-esophageal septum

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11
Q

How is the foregut attached to the walls?

A

Dorsal and ventral mesogastrium

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12
Q

Where does the liver develop?

A

Ventral mesogastrium (which becomes the lesser omentum)

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13
Q

Where does the spleen develop?

A

Dorsal mesogastrium (becomes the greater omentum)

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14
Q

What is the name of the opening leading from the greater omentum to the lesser omentum?

A

Epiploic foramen

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15
Q

Incomplete separation of the laryngo-tracheal tube causes what?

A

Esophageal atresia + tracheo-osophageal fistula

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16
Q

When does the foregut dilate to form the stomach?

A

Week 4

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17
Q

What causes the curvatures of the stomach?

A

Differential growth

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18
Q

What rotation occurs to form the stomach?

A

Anterio-posterior rotation

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19
Q

How does rotation cause the formation of the lesser sac (omental bursa)?

A

Rotation along the longitudinal axis pulling the dorsal mesentery to the left

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20
Q

Duodenum is formed from what embryonic structures?

A

Caudal foregut

Dorsal midgut

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21
Q

What causes the C-shape of the duodenum?

A

Rotation of the stomach

22
Q

Which part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

A

Duodenal cap

23
Q

When does the liver primordium bud appear?

A

Middle of 3rd week

24
Q

The liver bud grows into what structure?

A

Septum transversum

25
Q

How is the bile duct formed?

A

Connection between the liver bud and the foregut

26
Q

Formation of the gall bladder grows how?

A

Ventral outgrowth of the bile duct

27
Q

The primordial spleen is differentiated from what?

A

Mesenchymal condensation of the dorsal mesogastrium

28
Q

Spleen is derived from what?

A

Mesoderm

29
Q

The spleen acts as what until week 14?

A

Haemopoietic organ

30
Q

The spleen is colonised by what from weeks 15-17\?

A

T-lymphocytes

31
Q

The spleen gains what at week 23?

A

B-cell precursors

Lymphoid function

32
Q

The pancreas forms when? From what?

A

Week 5

Endodermal lining of duodenum

33
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

Two buds which come to fuse

34
Q

If the ventral bud fails to migrate around the duodenum, it may cause what?

A

Annular pancrease

–> duodenal stenosis

35
Q

The midgut starts and ends where?

A

Distal duodenum

Proximal 2/3rds transverse colon

36
Q

The Cephalic part of the primary intestinal loop becomes what?

A

Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Proximal ileum

37
Q

The caudal part of the primary intestinal loop becomes what?

A

Distal ileum

–> Proximal 2/3rds tranverse colon

38
Q

When does the rotation of the midgut occur?

A

Week 6

39
Q

The rotation of the primary intestinal loop occurs around what? In which direction?

A

Axis of superior mesenteric artery

90degrees anti-clock

40
Q

What happens as the rotation occurs?

A

The gut tube herniates into the embryonic cavity of the umbilical cord

41
Q

When does the midgut reenter the abdominal cavity?

A

Week 10

42
Q

What enters first?

A

Jejunum –> caecum

43
Q

What rotation occurs as the herniated loops reenter the cavity?

A

180degree anti-clockwise

44
Q

Failure to retract the umbilical loops causes what?

A

Omphalocele

45
Q

Herniation of abdominal contents into the amniotic cavity is what?

A

Gastrochisis

46
Q

Remnants of the vitelline duct causes what? Could form what?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum
Vitelline cyst
Fistula

47
Q

Lining of the bladder and urethra are formed of what?

A

Hindgut endoderm

48
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Endoderm lined cavity with surface ectoderm

49
Q

What do you find at the cloacal membrane?

A

Endoderm/ectoderm boundary

50
Q

When does the cloacal membrane rupture?

A

Week 7

51
Q

When does the anal canal re-open?

A

Week 9

52
Q

Incomplete separation from the hindgut in the urorectal septum causes what?

A

Fistulas

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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