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Systems: Alimentary AB > Upper GIT Pathology > Flashcards

Upper GIT Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What can diseases of the upper GIT cause?

A
  • Upper abdominal/retrosternal discomfort
  • Pain
  • Indigestion
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2
Q

What is the pathology of oesophageal reflux?

A
  • Reflux of gastric acid into oesophagus
  • Thickening of squamous epithelium
  • Ulceration of oesophagus when severe reflux
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3
Q

What are complications of oesophageal reflux?

A
  • Healing by fibrosis

- Barrett’s oesophagus

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4
Q

What can healing of the oesophagus by fibrosis lead to?

A
  • Stricture formation
  • Impaired oesophageal motility
  • Oesophageal obstruction
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5
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A
  • Type of metaplasia
  • Pre-malignant condition
  • Response in some patients to oesophageal reflux
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6
Q

What metaplasia takes place with Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Transformation from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

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7
Q

How common is oesophageal cancer?

A

Third most common cancer of the alimentary tract

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8
Q

What are the 2 histological types of oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Squamous carcinoma

- Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Which histological type of oesophageal cancer develops from Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

What oesophageal cancer linked to?

A
  • Geographic variation

- Environmental factors

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for squamous carcinoma oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Dietary carcinogens
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12
Q

What are the risk factors for adenocarcinoma oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Barrett’s metaplasia

- Obesity

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13
Q

What are the local effects of oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Obstruction
  • Ulceration
  • Perforation
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14
Q

How can oesophageal cancer spread?

A
  • Direct
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Blood spread
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15
Q

Where can oesophageal cancer spread directly?

A

To surrounding areas

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16
Q

Where can oesophageal cancer spread through lymphatic spread?

A

To regional lymph nodes

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17
Q

Where can oesophageal cancer spread through the blood?

A

Liver

18
Q

What is the prognosis for oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Very poor

- 5 year survival rate less than 15%

19
Q

What are the 3 types of pathologies of gastritis?

A
  • Type A: autoimmune
  • Type B: bacterial
  • Type C: chemical injury
20
Q

What is autoimmune gastritis?

A

Organ-specific autoimmune disease

21
Q

What is autoimmune gastritis associated with?

A

Other autoimmune diseases

22
Q

What happens in autoimmune gastritis?

A

Autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor

23
Q

What is the pathology of autoimmune gastritis?

A
  • Atrophy of specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium
  • Loss of specialised gastric epithelial cells
  • Decreased acid secretion
  • Loss of intrinsic factor
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
24
Q

What is the most common type of gastritis?

A

Bacterial

25
Q

What organism is bacterial gastritis related to?

A

Helicobacter pylori

26
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A
  • Gram negative bacterium
  • Found in gastric mucus on surface of epithelium
  • Produces acute and chronic inflammatory response
  • Increased acid production
27
Q

What can cause chemical gastritis?

A
  • Drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Alcohol
  • Bile reflux
28
Q

What is peptic ulceration caused by?

A

-Imbalance between acid secretion and mucosa barrier

29
Q

What does peptic ulceration affect?

A
  • Lower oesophagus
  • Body and antrum of stomach
  • First and second parts of duodenum
30
Q

What bacteria is usually associated with peptic ulceration?

A

Helicobacter pylori which increases gastric acid

31
Q

What are the complications of peptic ulceration?

A
  • Bleeding
  • Perforation
  • Healing by fibrosis
32
Q

What kind of bleeding can result from peptic ulceration?

A
  • Acute haemorrhage

- Chronic anaemia

33
Q

What can perforation as a result of peptic ulceration result in?

A

Peritonitis

34
Q

What can healing by fibrosis as a result of peptic ulceration result in?

A

Obstruction

35
Q

How common is stomach cancer?

A

Second commonest cancer of the alimentary tract

36
Q

How does stomach cancer develop?

A

Develops through phases of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia

37
Q

What is stomach cancer associated with

A

Previous helicobacter pylori infection

38
Q

What is the histology of stomach cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

39
Q

How can stomach cancer spread?

A
  • Direct (surrounding structures)
  • Lymphatic (regional lymph nodes)
  • Blood (liver)
  • Transcoelomic (within peritoneal cavity)
40
Q

What is the prognosis of stomach cancer?

A
  • Very poor

- 5 year survival rate less than 20%

Systems: Alimentary AB (37 decks)

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