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Systems: Alimentary AB > Liver Structure and Function > Flashcards

Liver Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the liver weigh?

A

1.4 kg

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2
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

In the upper right quadrant of the abdomen tucked against the inferior surface of the diaphragm

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3
Q

What are the 2 major lobes of the liver?

A

Right and left

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4
Q

What are the 2 minor lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate and quadrate

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5
Q

Entry/ exit of blood vessels, lymphatic vessel, ducts and nerves is via what?

A

Porta on inferior surface

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6
Q

What blood vessels enter/exit the liver?

A
  • Hepatic portal vein

- Hepatic artery

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7
Q

What ducts enter/exit the liver?

A
  • Right hepatic duct
  • Left hepatic duct
  • Common hepatic duct
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8
Q

What nerves enter/exit the liver?

A

Hepatic nerve plexus

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9
Q

Describe the formation of ducts between the liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

A
  • Right and left hepatic ducts join to form common hepatic duct
  • Common hepatic duct joins with cystic duct to form common bile duct
  • Common bile duct joins with main pancreatic duct and enters duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
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10
Q

What is the liver covered by?

A

-Connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum except for bare area

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11
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Small area on diaphragmatic surface surrounded by coronary ligament

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12
Q

What happens to the connective tissue capsule at the porta?

A

Leads to branching network of septa for support

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13
Q

What doe the vessels, ducts and nerves follow through the liver?

A

Septa

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14
Q

How does the septa divide the liver?

A

Into hexagonal lobules

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15
Q

What are the 3 components of the hepatic triad?

A
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic duct
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16
Q

Where is the portal triad located?

A

At each corner of hexagonal lobule

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17
Q

What are the central veins at the centre of each lobule?

A

Hepatic veins which drain into the IVC

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18
Q

How are hepatic cords arranged?

A

Radiate out from central veins

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19
Q

What are hepatic cords composed of?

A

Hepatocytes

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20
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Functional cells of the liver

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21
Q

What lies between the cells within each cord?

A

Bile canaliculus (cleft like lumen)

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22
Q

What are the spaces between hepatic cords?

A

Hepatic sinusoids (blood channels)

23
Q

slide 7

A

slide 7

24
Q

What is the alimentary role of the liver?

A

Production and secretion of bile

25
Q

What are the 6 components of bile?

A
  • Bile acids
  • Lecithin
  • Cholesterol
  • Bile pigments
  • Toxic metals
  • Bicarbonate
26
Q

Where are bile salts, lecithin and cholesterol synthesised?

A

Liver

27
Q

What do bile salts, lecithin and cholesterol do?

A

Solubilise fats

28
Q

What happens to toxic metals in the liver?

A

Detoxified

29
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate?

A

Neutralisation of acid chyme

30
Q

What secretes bicarbonate?

A

Duct cells

31
Q

What secretes bile acids, lecithin, cholesterol bile pigments and toxic metals?

A

Hepatocytes

32
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Breakdown products of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes

33
Q

What produced yellow bile?

A

Bilrubin extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

34
Q

What produces brown faeces?

A

Bilrubin modified by bacterial enzymes leads to brown pigments

35
Q

What produces yellow urine?

A

Reabsorbed bilirubin excreted in urine

36
Q

How are bile acids produced?

A

Synthesised in liver from cholesterol

37
Q

What happens before bile acids are secreted?

A

Bile acids conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile salts to increase solubility

38
Q

How are secreted bile salts recycled?

A

Via enterohepatic circulation

39
Q

Describe the movement of bile salts.

A
  • Liver
  • Bile duct
  • Duodenum
  • Ileum
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Liver
40
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Saclike structure on inferior surface of liver

41
Q

What are the 3 layers in the wall of the gallbladder?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
42
Q

What is the function of the mucosa?

A

It is folded in rugae for expansion

43
Q

What is the function of the muscularis?

A

Smooth muscle for contraction

44
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Connective tissue

45
Q

What are the relations of the gallbladder?

A
  • Gallbladder
  • Cystic duct
  • Common bile duct
46
Q

What does the sphincter of Oddi control?

A

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum

47
Q

What happens when the sphincter of Oddi is contracted?

A

Bile is forced back into the gallbladder

48
Q

What does the gallbladder do to bile?

A

Concentrates bile 5-20 times (absorbs Na and H2O)

49
Q

What does fat in the duodenum result in?

A

Release of CCK

50
Q

What does the release of CCK result in?

A
  • Sphincter of Oddi relaxes

- Gallbladder contracts

51
Q

What does discharge of bile into the duodenum?

A

Fat solubilisation

52
Q

Summary of secretin action.

A
  • Acid in duodenum
  • Release of secretin
  • Decrease in gastric acid secretion
  • Decrease in gastric emptying
  • Increase duodenal bicarbonate secretion
  • Increase pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
  • Increase bile duct bicarbonate secretion
  • Neutralisation
  • Inhibits secretin secretion
53
Q

Summary of CCK action

A
  • Fat/amino acids in duodenum
  • CCK release
  • Decrease in gastric emptying
  • Increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion
  • Gallbladder contraction
  • Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
  • Digestion

Systems: Alimentary AB (37 decks)

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