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Systems: Alimentary AB > Embryology of the GI System > Flashcards

Embryology of the GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of human development?

A
  • Growth
  • Morphogenesis
  • Differentiation
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2
Q

What is growth?

A

Cell division and elaboration of products

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3
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Development of shape size of a particular organ or part of the body

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4
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Maturation of physiological processes

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5
Q

When can exposure to teratogens cause major congenital anomalies to an embryo?

A

During weeks 4-8 of development

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6
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

A formative process by which the 3 germ layers and axial orientation of embryo is established.

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7
Q

What happens to the bilaminar disc during gastrulation?

A

It is converted to the trilaminar disc

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8
Q

What does the embryonic ectoderm become?

A
  • Epidermis
  • CNS
  • PNS
  • Retina of the eye
  • Other
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9
Q

What does the embryonic endoderm become?

A

-Epithelial lining of the RS
-GIT
Glands
-Liver
-Pancreas

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10
Q

What does the embryonic mesoderm become?

A
  • Most of the CVS
  • Connective tissues
  • Muscles
  • Blood cells
  • Bone marrow
  • Vessels associated with organs and tissues
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11
Q

When does the primordial gut form?

A

During the 4th week of embryonic development

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12
Q

What is the primordial gut derived from?

A

Endoderm lining the yolk sac

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13
Q

What is the primordial gut closed by at its cranial end?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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14
Q

What is the primordial gut closed by at its caudal end?

A

Cloacal membrane

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15
Q

What do the pharynx and oesophagus develop from?

A

The cranial part of the primitive gut tube

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16
Q

What does the laryngo-tracheal diverticulum develop from?

A

The ventral wall of the foregut

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17
Q

What does the trachea-oesophageal septum divide?

A

The foregut tube into the trachea and oesophagus

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18
Q

How do oesophageal atresia and trachea-oesophageal fistula arise?

A

If the tracho-oesophageal septum deviates incorrectly then there is an incomplete separation of the laryngo-tracheal tube

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19
Q

What happens to the foregut in the 4th week?

A

Dilates to form the stomach

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20
Q

What does differential growth of the stomach wall create?

A

The greater and lesser curvatures

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21
Q

How does the stomach fit in with the other organs?

A

The stomach rotates and adapts its shape

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22
Q

What rotation does the stomach undergo?

A
  • A 90 degree rotation around its own longitudinal axis
  • Ventral border now left side
  • Dorsal border now right side
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23
Q

What rotation does the stomach undergo to create its final adult position?

A

Anterio-posterior rotation

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24
Q

How is the stomach attached to both the dorsal and ventral walls?

A

By a mesentery called mesogastrium

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25
Q

What alters the mesogastrium?

A

The rotation and disproportionate growth of the stomach

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26
Q

How is the omental bursa (lesser sac) created?

A

Rotation along the longitudinal axis pulls the dorsal mesentery to the left

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27
Q

What direction is the ventral mesogatrium pulled?

A

To the right

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28
Q

What is the duodenum formed from?

A

The caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut

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29
Q

Where is the blood supply of the duodenum from?

A
  • 2 major abdominal vessels
  • Coeliac axis
  • Superior mesenteric artery
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30
Q

What happens to the duodenum as the stomach rotates?

A

It becomes C shaped and also rotates

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31
Q

What part of the duodenum retains its dorsal mesentery?

A

Duodenal cap

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32
Q

The duodenum (exc duodenal cap) is retroperitoneal following what?

A

The fusion of the dorsal mesentery with the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall

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33
Q

When does the liver primordium appear?

A

Middle of the 3rd week

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34
Q

How does the liver primordium form?

A

Outgrowth of endoderm in the distal end of the foregut

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35
Q

Where does the liver bud grow into?

A

Septum transversum

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36
Q

What is the septum transversum?

A

Mesodermal plate between pericardial cavity and yolk stalk

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37
Q

How is the bile duct formed?

A

Connection between the liver bud and foregut narrows

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38
Q

What does ventral outgrowth from the bile duct form?

A
  • Gall bladder

- Cystic duct

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39
Q

What develops in the dorsal mesogastrium at the end of the 4th week?

A

Mesenchymal condensation

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40
Q

What happens to the mesenchymal condensation during the 5th week?

A

Differentiates to form the spleen

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41
Q

What form of derivative is the spleen?

A

Mesodermal

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42
Q

What does the spleen act as until the 14th week?

A

Haematopoietic organ

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43
Q

What happens to the spleen during weeks 15-17?

A

Spleen acquires its lobular shape and is colonised by T-lymphocyte cells

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44
Q

What happens to the spleen during week 23?

A

B-cell precursors arrive

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45
Q

What function does the spleen have?

A

Lymphoid

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46
Q

What does the pancreas form from?

A

2 buds which grow form the endodermal lining of the duodenum in week 5

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47
Q

Where does the dorsal pancreatic bud lies?

A

Dorsal mesentary

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48
Q

Where does the pancreatic bud lie?

A

Close to the bile duct

49
Q

What happens as the duodenum rotates in pancreas formation?

A

The ventral bud also moves to lie close to the dorsal bud (week 6)

50
Q

slide 13

A

slide 13

51
Q

What happens if the ventral bud fails to migrate around the duodenum correctly?

A

Annular process

52
Q

What can an annular process lead to?

A

Duodenal stenosis

53
Q

What is it known as when pancreatic tissue forms in other areas of the foregut?

A

Accessory pancreatic tissue

54
Q

What constitutes the midgut?

A
  • Distal part of the duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon
55
Q

What does development of the midgut involve?

A

Rapid elongation of the gut tube and its associated mesentery

56
Q

What is the rapid elongation of the gut tube known as?

A

Primary intestinal loop

57
Q

What does the cephalic part of the primary intestinal loop become?

A
  • Distal duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Proximal ileum
58
Q

What does the caudal part of the primary intestinal loop become?

A
  • Distal ileum
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 23rds of the transverse colon
59
Q

What must happen to the midgut for it to reach adult pattern?

A

Both rotation and physiological herniation

60
Q

When does rotation of the midgut begin?

A

In the 6th week

61
Q

Where does the initial rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur?

A

Around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery

62
Q

What type of midgut rotation takes place?

A
  • Rotations of 90 degrees anti-clockwise

- Cranial part of the midgut carried to the right

63
Q

What happens to the gut tube along with the 90 degree rotation?

A

The gut tube herniates into the extraembryonic cavity in the umbilical cord

64
Q

What does the physiological herniation of the gut tube allow?

A

Allows the growth of the gut tube

65
Q

Why is the physiological herniation of the gut tube required?

A

There isn’t enough room for rapid growth of midgut loop in the abdominal cavity (massive liver and 2 sets of kidneys)

66
Q

Whys is physiological herniation described as being physiological?

A

The process is part of the developmental process

67
Q

What happens to the abdominal cavity during the 10th week?

A

It becomes relatively more spacious

68
Q

How does the abdominal cavity become more spacious?

A
  • Growth
  • Regression of the kidneys
  • Slower growth of the liver
69
Q

How the herniated loop retracted?

A

-The intestinal loops begin to move from the umbilical cord back into the abdominal cavity

70
Q

What is the first part of the herniated loop to be retracted?

A

The proximal part of the jejunum which enters towards the left side

71
Q

What happens to the rest of the herniated loop after the jejunum is retracted?

A

It re-enters and lies further to the right

72
Q

What is the last part of the herniated loop to re-enter the abdominal cavity?

A

Caecum

73
Q

What happens to the gut tube as it returns to the abdominal cavity?

A

There is a further rotation 180 degrees anti-clockwise

74
Q

What does the retraction of the herniated loop establish?

A

The adult pattern of the transverse colon lying in front of the duodenum

75
Q

What happens to the gut tube after the retraction of the herniated loop?

A

Continues to elongate

76
Q

Omphalocele

A

Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring

77
Q

What leads to omphalocele?

A

Failure of retraction of herniated loops

78
Q

What may be included in omphalocele?

A
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Intestinal loops
79
Q

What is the viscera covered by in ompahlocele?

A

A layer of amnion

80
Q

What is gastoschisis?

A

Herniation of abdominal contents directly through the body wall into the amniotic cavity

81
Q

Where does gastroschisis occur?

A

Through a weak area right of the umbilicus

82
Q

What is the prevalence of gastroschisis?

A

1 in 10,000 live births

83
Q

What are the associations between gastroschisis and chromosomal abnormalities?

A

No associations

84
Q

What are the organs covered by in gastoschisis?

A

Nothing. They are not covered by amnion or peritoneum

85
Q

What is the prevalence of a persistant vitelline duct?

A

2-4%

86
Q

What does a persistent vitelline duct form?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

87
Q

What can happen to the remnants of the vitelline duct?

A

Can form fistula or vitelline cyst/fistula

88
Q

What is the hindgut formed of?

A
  • Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper part of the anal canal
89
Q

What lining does the endoderm of the hindgut form?

A
  • Bladder

- Urethra

90
Q

What does the terminal portion of the hindgut join with?

A

The posterior part of the cloaca (primitive anal canal)

91
Q

Where does the allantois enter?

A

The anterior part of the cloaca (primitive urogenital sinus)

92
Q

Cloaca

A

Endoderm lined cavity with surface ectoderm at its ventral boudary

93
Q

What is the cloacal membrane?

A

Endoderm/ectoderm boundary

94
Q

What separates the allantois and hindgut?

A

Mesoderm (urorectal septum)

95
Q

How is the yolk sac covered in the hindgut?

A

Septums merges and surrounds the allantois

96
Q

Where does the tip of the urorectal septum lie as the embryo grows?

A

Close to the cloacal membrane

97
Q

When is the opening for the hindgut formed?

A

End of week 7

98
Q

How is the opening for the hindgut formed?

A

The cloacal membrane ruptures

99
Q

When does the anal canal reopen?

A

Week 9

100
Q

What kind of derivative is the caudal anal canal?

A

Ectoderm (proctodeum)

101
Q

How is the caudal end of the hindgut closed?

A

Ectoderm of the anal canal proliferates

102
Q

What can incomplete separation of the hindgut from the urogenital sinus by the urorectal septum result in?

A
  • Urorectal fistula
  • Rectovaginal fistula
  • Rectoanal atresia
  • Imperforate anus
103
Q

What is the alimentary system?

A

Mouth to anus plus associated glands and organs

104
Q

What is the primordial gut closed by at its cranial end?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

105
Q

What is the primordial gut closed by at its caudal end?

A

Cloacal membrane

106
Q

What happens to the intraembryonic coelm early in the 4th week?

A

It becomes the embryonic body cavity

107
Q

Derivatives of the foregut.

A
  • Primordial pharynx and its derivatives
  • Lower resp tract
  • Oesophagus and stomach
  • Duodenum (part above the opening of bile and pancreatic duct)
  • Liver,biliary apparatus and pancreas
108
Q

What causes tracheoesophageal fistulas?

A

Abnormal deviation of trachea-oesophageal septum

109
Q

What causes iesphageal atresia/

A

Failure of recanalization

110
Q

What is polyhydraminoes due to?

A

Atresia

111
Q

What are the main events in the development of the stomach?

A
  • Rotation of stomach, rotates 90 degrees clockwise
  • Mesenteries of stomach
  • Formation of omental bursa (lesser sac)
112
Q

What is the prevalence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A
  • 1 in 150 males

- 1 in 750 females

113
Q

What is the cause of hypertropic pyloric stenosis?

A

Genetic?

High in monozygotic twins

114
Q

What is the treatment for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Surgical

115
Q

Name an anomaly of the liver

A

Accessory hepatic duct

116
Q

What is extrahepatic biliary atresia?

A

Obliteration of the bile ducts

117
Q

What can annular pancreas cause?

A

Duodenal stenosis

118
Q

What are the main events in the development of the spleen?

A
  • End of the 4th week a mesenchymal condensation develops (dorsal mesogastrium)
  • During the 5th week mesenchymal differentiates to form the spleen
119
Q

What are the main events in the midgut loop?

A
  • Herniation, physiological umbilical herniation
  • Rotation of midgut loop- 90 degrees anticlockwise in the umbilical cord
  • Retraction of intestinal loops, 180 degrees more anticlockwise
  • Fixation of the intestines

Systems: Alimentary AB (37 decks)

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