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Systems: Alimentary AB > Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function > Flashcards

Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function Flashcards

1
Q

How doe peristaltic waves travel?

A

From the body to the antrum of the stomach

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2
Q

Why does no mixing occur in the body of the stomach?

A

It has a thin muscle and so contraction is weak

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3
Q

What does the thick muscle of the antrum of the stomach result in?

A

Powerful contraction which results in mixing and contraction of the pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

What does contraction of the pyloric sphincter result in?

A
  • Only small quantity of gastric content (chyme) entering duodenum
  • Further mixing as antral contents forced back towards body
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5
Q

What generates peristaltic rhythm?

A

Pacemaker cells in the longitudinal muscle layer

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6
Q

What are slow waves a result of?

A

Spontaneous depolarisation and repolarisation

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7
Q

What is the slow wave rhythm equal to?

A

Basic electrical rhythm

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8
Q

What are slow waves conducted through?

A

Gap junctions along longitudinal muscle layer

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9
Q

How is contraction produced?

A

-Slow wave depolarisation is sub threshold and therefore requires further depolarisation to induce action potentials

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10
Q

What determines the strength of contraction?

A

Number of action potentials/waves

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11
Q

How does gastrin affect contraction?

A

Increases contraction

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12
Q

How does distension of the stomach wall affect contraction?

A
  • Produces long/short reflexes

- Increased contraction

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13
Q

How does fat/acid/amino acid/hypertonicity in the duodenum affect motility?

A

Inhibits motility

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14
Q

How is acid neutralised in the duodenum?

A

Bicarbonate is secreted from Brunner’s Gland duct cells (submucosal glands)

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15
Q

What does acid in the duodenum trigger?

A
  • Long (vagal) and short (ENS) reflexes leading to bicarbonate secretion
  • Release of secretin from S cells leading to bicarbonate secretion
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16
Q

Describe the negative feedback control of secretin.

A

.-Secretin leads to bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas and liver
-Acid neutralisation inhibits secretin release

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pancreas?

A
  • Head (within the curvature of the duodenum)
  • Body
  • Tail (extends to spleen)
18
Q

What does the endocrine portion of the pancreas contain?

A

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

19
Q

What do islet cells produce?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Somatostatin
20
Q

What does somatostatin control?

A

Secretion of insulin and glucagon

21
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas contain?

A

Acinar cells in lobules

22
Q

How are the lobules of the pancreas connected?

A

Intercalated discs

23
Q

What ducts are found within the pancreas?

A
  • Intralobular ducts
  • Interlobular ducts
  • Main pancreatic duct
24
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct join the common bile duct?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi)

25
Q

Where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla enter?

A

Duodenum

26
Q

Where do all accessory pancreatic ducts empty?

A

Duodenum

27
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas responsible for?

A

Digestive function of pancreas

28
Q

What is the anatomical structure of the exocrine pancreas?

A
  • Acini
  • Ducts
  • Pancreatic duct
29
Q

What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?

A
  • Secretion of bicarbonate by duct cells

- Secretion of digestive enzymes by acinar cells

30
Q

How do acinar cells store digestive enzymes?

A

As inactive zymogen granules

31
Q

What does storage as zymogen granules prevent?

A

Autodigestion of pancreas

32
Q

What does enterokinase do?

A

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin

33
Q

Where is enterokinase found?

A

Bound to brush border of duodenal enterocytes

34
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

Converts all other zymogens to active forms

35
Q

What are the 6 categories of pancreatic enzymes?

A
  • Proteases
  • Nucleases
  • Elastases
  • Phospholipases
  • Lipases
  • a-Amylase
36
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Cleave peptide bonds

37
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

Hydrolyse DNA/RNA

38
Q

What do elastases do?

A

Collagen digestion

39
Q

What do phospholipases do?

A

Triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol

40
Q

What does a-Amylase do?

A

Starch to maltose and glucose

41
Q

How is pancreatic function under neural control?

A

Vagal and local reflexes triggered by arrival of organic nutrients in duodenum

42
Q

How is pancreatic function controlled other than neural control?

A

-Bicarbonate secretion stimulated by secretin
-Secretin released in repsponce to acid in the duodenum
-Zymogen secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin
CCK released in response to fat/amino acids in duodenum

Systems: Alimentary AB (37 decks)

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