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Tissue Biology > Upper GI Tract > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the upper gastrointestinal tract?

A

An organ system responsible for transporting and digesting foodstuffs, absorbing nutrients and expelling waste

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2
Q

What is included in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

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3
Q

What does the muscular wall of the GI tract provide?

A

Strength and aids in transport of food

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4
Q

What does the mucosa layer of the GI tract consist of?

A

The epithelium and the lamina propria

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5
Q

What does the lamina propria contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, mucous glands

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6
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae?

A

It is a thin layer of muscle of the gi tract located outside the lamina propria and separates the lamina propria from the submucosa. Involved in local movement and folding of the mucosa

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7
Q

What is contained in the submucosa?

A

nerves, blood vessels and supporting connective tissue

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8
Q

What is the muscularis propria layer of the GI tract?

A

Contains two layers, the outer longitudinal layer and the inner circular layer

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9
Q

What is special about the muscularis propria in some places?

A

In the stomach there is a third inner layer, along with the outer longitudinal layer and inner circular layer, called the third inner oblique layer

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10
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

A layer of loose supporting tissue within the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

Where the gut lies within the abdominal cavity, what is the adventitia referred to and what type of cells make it up?

A

Referred to as the serosa and is lined by a simple squamous epithelium called the mesothelium

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12
Q

There are basic mucosal forms in the GI tract, where would you find protective?

A

In the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal

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13
Q

There are basic mucosal forms in the GI tract, where would you find secretory?

A

Stomach

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14
Q

There are basic mucosal forms in the GI tract, where would you find absorptive?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

There are basic mucosal forms in the GI tract, where would you find absorptive/protective?

A

the whole large intestine

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16
Q

What time of epithelium would you find in protective mucosa?

A

Stratified squamous

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17
Q

Secretory mucosa is only found in which part of the gi tract?

A

In the stomach

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18
Q

If you had to describe the tongue as a muscle how would you describe it?

A

A mass of striated muscle

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19
Q

What is the tongue covered by?

A

By a mucous membrane with a variable structure

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20
Q

What covers the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Numerous papillae

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21
Q

The posterior third of the tongue is separated from the anterior two thirds of the tongue by what?

A

a v shaped boundary

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22
Q

The posterior portion of the tongue mainly contains what?

A

Small lymphoid aggregates

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23
Q

Where are filiform papillae found on the tongue and do they contain taste buds?

A

They are found on the entire surface of the tongue and no they do not contain taste buds

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24
Q

Where are the fungiform papillae found on the tongue and do they contain taste buds?

A

They are found interspersed among the filiform papilla and they contain taste buds

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25
Q

Where are the foliate papillae found?

A

They are found towards the back edges of the tongue and they are not well developed in humans

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26
Q

How would you describe the structure of the circumvallate papillae on the tongue?

A

They are the largest and least common, encircled by a deep cleft,

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27
Q

What is the side of the circumvallate papillae on the tongue?

A

Very large, 7-12mm

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28
Q

What types of glands are associated with the circumvallate papillae?

A

With serous glands (von Ebner’s glands)

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29
Q

Where do the serious glands called von ebner’s glands open into in the circumvallate papillae?

A

Open into the base of the cleft

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30
Q

What do the serous glands called the von ebners glands to be precise found on the circumvallate papillae secrete and what is the function of this secretion?

A

They secrete lipase which dissolves food constituents and facilitates taste reception

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31
Q

How would you describe the shape of the taste buds?

A

Onion shaped

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32
Q

Roughly how many cells make up a taste bud?

A

roughly 50-100 cells

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33
Q

Where are taste buds located on the tongue precisely?

A

On the basal lamina

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34
Q

How are the taste buds in contact with the surface?

A

The microvilli are in contact with the surface through taste pores

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35
Q

What are the germinal cells of a taste bud?

A

The undifferentiated basal cells are the germinal cells

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36
Q

What is a basal lamina?

A

The basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits.

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37
Q

*Label this taste bud

A

There ya go

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38
Q

The tooth is made of two major segments, what are these?

A

The crown and the root

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39
Q

Where are the crown and the root of the tooth located?

A

The crown projects into the buccal cavity and the root is embedded in the jaw

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40
Q

The tooth has the hardest component of the human body, what is it?

A

The enamel

41
Q

What is the enamel made of?

A

96% Ca hydroxyapatite and 2-3% organic materials, no collagen

42
Q

Where is the enamel derived from when looking at early embryological development?

A

The ectoderm

43
Q

Where are the other parts of the tooth, excluding the enamel derived from in terms of embryological development?

A

From the mesoderm

44
Q

Does the enamel contain collagen?

A

No

45
Q

What two types of extra cellular matrix proteins does the enamel contain?

A

Contains amelogenins and enamelins

46
Q

The enamel matrix is secreted by what types of cells?

A

The ameloblasts

47
Q

What is the dentine?

A

Calcified tissue in the form of hydroxyapatite

48
Q

What makes the dentine harder than bone?

A

It contains more calcium

49
Q

What type of collagen composes the dentine?

A

Composed mainly of type 1 collagen

50
Q

As well as type 1 collagen what else makes up dentine?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, phosphoproteins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite crystals

51
Q

What types of cells secrete organic material of the dentine?

A

Odontoblasts

52
Q

Dentine is sensitive to stimuli, why?

A

It contains a few unmyelinated nerve fibres

53
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube which transports food from the mouth to the stomach

54
Q

What drives the transport of food from the mouth to the stomach through the oesophagus?

A

Peristaltic contractions

55
Q

What two parts of the oesophagus have a protective role?

A

The lower oesophageal sphincter and the upper oesophageal sphincter

56
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus?

A

Non keratinised squamous epithelium

57
Q

In the sub mucosa of the oesophagus what is found?

A

Small mucus secreting glands called oesophageal glands

58
Q

What is the purpose of the oesophageal glands found in the oesophagus?

A

Secretion of mucus that provides lubrication and protection

59
Q

Closer to the stomach what types of glands are found in the lamina propria?

A

Stomach oesophageal cardiac glands - to secrete mucus that protects the oesophagus from acidic gastric juices

60
Q

The oesophagus has five major labels identifiable on a histological image. what are these?

A 
Stratified squamous epitheium
Lamina propria
Smooth muscle
Esophageal glands
Skeletal muscle
61
Q

What is special about the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

At the junction of oesophagus and stomach the mucosa abruptly changes to glandular secretory

62
Q

Anatomically, the stomach is divided into four regions, what are these regions?

A

The cardia, the fundus, the body of the stomach/corpus, and the pylorus

63
Q

*Label this stomach

A

Done

64
Q

What is the cardia of the stomach?

A

A small area of mucus secreting glands surrounding the entrance of the oesophagus

65
Q

What do the glands present in the body of the stomach release?

A

Secrete acid, pepsin as well as mucus

66
Q

What do the glands in the pylorus secrete?

A

Glands secrete two types of mucus and associated endocrine cells secrete gastrin

67
Q

The stomach cardia is a narrow circular band of what length?

A
68
Q

The mucosa contains what type of glands?

A

Contains simple or branched cardiac glands, coiled with large lumens

69
Q

Most of the glands present in the stomach cardia portion of the stomach produce which two substances?

A

They produce, mucus and lysozyme

70
Q

What is the function of the lysozyme produced by the glands present in the cardia portion of the stomach?

A

They attack bacterial cell walls

71
Q

There are a few parietal cells found in the cardia portion of the stomach, what is the function of these parietal cells?

A

They are HCl secreting

72
Q

If you were to compare the stomach cardia glands to another type of glands, what would you say they were similar to?

A

Similar to the cardiac glands of the oesophagus

73
Q

The lamina propria of the fundus and body portion of the stomach contains an abundant number of what?

A

GAstric glands

74
Q

The distribution of epithelial cells in the fundus and the body of the stomach is not

A

unifrom

75
Q

Each gastric gland has three main areas, what are these areas called?

A

The isthmus, the neck and the base

76
Q

*Label the gland on the fundus and the body of the stomach

A

There you go

77
Q

What type of cells are present in the gastric glands of the fundus and body of the stomach.

A

Stem cells, mucous neck cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, chief (zymogenic) cells, neuroendocrine cells,

78
Q

What rate of mitosis do stem cells experience in the gastric glands?

A

High rate of mitois

79
Q

Some of the stem cells in the gastric glands move ____ to replace the mucous cells, how many days turnover?

A

upwards. 4-7days turnover

80
Q

Some stem cells migrate downwards for what reason?

A

To differentiate into parietal, chief and endocrine cells

81
Q

Where and how are the mucous neck cells present in the gastric glands?

A

Are present in clusters or single cells in the necks of gastric glands

82
Q

Roughly where are the parietal cells located in the gastric glands of the fundus

A

Present mainly in the upper half of the gastric glands,

83
Q

How would you describe the parietal cells on a histology slide?

A

Large round cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm

84
Q

What two substances do the parietal cells secrete?

A

They secrete hcl and intrinsic factor

85
Q

What is the most striking feature of active parietal cells?

A

The presence of numerous mitochondria and intracellular canaliculi

86
Q

What is intracellular canaliculi?

A

a fine canal formed by invagination of the cell membrane into the cytoplasm of a cell, such as those of the parietal cells of the stomach.

87
Q

What is found in the resting parietal cell type of the gastric gland present in the fundus of the stomach?

A

Tubovesicular structures

88
Q

The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells helps in the absorption of which vitamin?

A

b12

89
Q

Which part of the gastric glands are the chief zymogenic cells found?

A

They predominate in the lower part of the tubular glands

90
Q

How would you describe the chief zymogenic cells of the gastric glands present in the stomach? organelle wise

A

They have an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, condensed basal nuclei, basophilic granular cytoplasm

91
Q

What inactive enzyme do the chief zymogenic cells of the gastric glands secrete?

A

They secrete pepsinogen

92
Q

The inactive enzyme pepsinogen rapidly converts into the active form known as?

A

pepsin

93
Q

What type of enzyme is pepsin?

A

It is a proteolytic enzyme, it breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids

94
Q

What active enzyme do the chief zymogenic cells of the gastric glands of the fundus or body of the stomach release and what do they do?

A

They secrete lipase which catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids

95
Q

Where are the neuroendocrine cells of the gastric glands of the stomach found

A

They are found in the necks and the base of the gastric glands

96
Q

In the fundus of the stomach what is one of the principal secretory products of the neuroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?

A

5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin

97
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function.

98
Q

Why is a better name forr enteroendocrine cells argentaffin cells?

A

Argentaffin refers to cells which take up silver stain.

99
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

They secrete hormones

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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