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Tissue Biology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four major components making up the urinary system?

A

The kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra

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2
Q

Blood is supplied to each kidney by which vessels?

A

The renal arteries which arise from the aorta

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3
Q

Which vessels drain the blood from each kidney?

A

One or more renal veins drain the blood from each kidney to the inferior vena cava

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4
Q

The kidneys have a principle function of maintaining which three things

A

maintaining water, electrolytes and acid base

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5
Q

What do the kidneys excrete

A

toxic metabolic waste products especially nitrogenous molecules such as urea and creatinine

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6
Q

The kidney is involved in the osmotic regulation of what?

A

Blood plasma

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7
Q

The kidney is involved in other functions including hormonal and metabolic functions, list three things that they synthesise/aid in synthesis

A

Renin, erythropoietin and vit D

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8
Q

What does the renin synthesis in the kidney help in

A

a mechanism to control blood pressure

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9
Q

What does the synthesis of erythropoietin in the kidneys aid in

A

promotes red blood cell formation

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10
Q

How is the kidney involved in vitamin D and absorption of calcium

A

Vit d which regulates calcium balance is converted to a biologically active form in the kidney

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11
Q

What is the site of entry and exit of the renal blood vessels and the ureter called?

A

The hilium

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12
Q

*Label this kidney homie

A

There ya go

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13
Q

Where do nephrons arise from and where do they go to

A

nephrons arise in the cortex, loop down into the medulla and return to the cortex

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14
Q

The renal medulla is made up of how many pyramids?

A

10-18 pyramids

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15
Q

What do the renal medulla project into?

A

Into calyces-papillae / renal papillae

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16
Q

The surface of the calyces-papillae/ renal papillae is the opening of what?

A

The collecting ducts

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17
Q

The base of the pyramid consists of 400-500 elongated parallel arrays of tubules called?

A

medullary rays - they penetrate the cortex

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18
Q

What does each medullary ray consist of?

A

Straight collecting ducts surrounded by tubular portions of the nephron

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19
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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20
Q

*Label this diagram of the functional unit of the kidney

A

there ya go

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21
Q

How many nephrons are there

A

1-4 million filtering units

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22
Q

What does the nephron consist of

A

the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of henle and the distal convoluted tubule , collecting duct

23
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

a tuft of capillaries, the glomerulus as well as the urinary poles, the afferent and efferent vessels, etc

24
Q

who discovered the renal corpuscle?

A

sir william bowman - a surgeon 1816-1892

25
Q

*Label this image of the renal corpuscle

A

there ya go

26
Q

What are the two poles on the renal corpuscle

A

the urinary pole and the vascular pole

27
Q

what may the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule sometimes be referred to as

A

the malpighian body

28
Q

What two layers are present on the Bowman’s capsule

A

the visceral and parietal layer

29
Q

*label the visceral and parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A

there ya go

30
Q

The visceral layer of the bowmans capsule is modified during embryological development to form what?

A

Podocytes

31
Q

What are podocytes?

A

specialised cells with primary and secondary processes - foot processes

32
Q

what is special about the endothelium of the glomerulus cells

A

a fenestrated endothelium exists

33
Q

what are mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

A

they are supporting cells for the capillaries that produce mesangial matrix

34
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule look like in comparison to the distal tubule

A

it is longer and larger than the distal tubule

35
Q

What cells line the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal

36
Q

why do cells of the proximal convoluted tubule deeply eosinophilic

A

because they have many mitochondria

37
Q

Why do cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have a brush border when viewed under the microscope

A

because they have microvilli AND THE DISTAL ONES DO NOT

38
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

active absorption of peptides and glucose as well as ion exchange

39
Q

how would you describe the distal convoluted tubule?

A

the last segment of the nephron

40
Q

What type of epithelium lines the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

41
Q

How would you explain the distal convoluted tubule in terms of brush borders and eosiophilic appearance

A

no brush border and lacks eosinophilic appearance because there arent as many mitochondria - not as active

42
Q

Eosinophilic staining of a structure means

A

Eosin is pink in color and is an acidic dye (negatively charged) that binds to positively charged particles like the mitochondria and many components of the cytoplasm.

43
Q

Urine passes from the distal convoluted tubule to which structure

A

to the collecting ducts

44
Q

Collecting ducts join each other to form larger straight ducts called

A

papillary ducts of Bellini

45
Q

Who discovered the papillary ducts of Bellini?

A

Lorenzo bellini

46
Q

what is the main function of the loop of henle

A

to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney

47
Q

What system does the loop of henle use in order to create a concentration gradient in the medulla

A

the countercurrent multiplier system

48
Q

How does the loop of henle create a concentration gradient

A

by utilising the sodium pumps to create an area of high sodium conc deep in the medulla near the collecting duct

49
Q

how does water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flow out of the collecting duct?

A

through aquaporin channels moving passively down its concentration gradient

50
Q

The process of the countercurrent multiplier system does what

A

it reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion

51
Q

the absorptive capacity of the collecting duct is controlled by what

A

ADH- antidiuretic hormone

52
Q

What will a lack of adh in the collecting duct lead to

A

lack of adh will lead to a lack of absoprtion of water so production of dilute urine

53
Q

what will a release of adh into the collecting duct result in

A

release of adh makes collecting duct permeable to water and this is then absorbed passively into the hypertonic medulla leading to production progressively more concentrated urine

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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