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Tissue Biology > Basic Cell Types > Flashcards

Basic Cell Types Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial tissue
Supporting tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

A diverse group of tissues including surface epithelia and solid organs

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3
Q

What exactly do surface epithelium cover?

A

All body surfaces, cavities and tubes and are therefore the interface between different compartments

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4
Q

What is the function of surface epithelium?

A

Containment, selective diffusion, absorption, secretion and physical protection

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5
Q

What is cytokeratin and what is it involved in?

A

Cytokeratin is present in all epithelial cells as an intermediate filament and allows for recognition by immunohistochemistry

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6
Q

All epithelium are supported by a…

A

basement membrane

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7
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Separates the epithelium from the underlying supporting tissue

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8
Q

Blood vessels never cross epithelial basement membranes so how do epithelial cells obtain their needs?

A

They are dependent on diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from connective tissue for survial

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9
Q

Epithelial cells are polarised, what does this mean?

A

One side faces the basement membrane and one side is towards the surface

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10
Q

What is the side of the epithelial cell that faces the BM called and what is the side of the epithelial cell that faces the surface called?

A

The basal surface and the apical surface

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11
Q

Epithelial cells are classified according to three morphological characteristics, what are these?

A
  1. Number of cell layers
  2. Shape of component cells
  3. Presence of surface specialisations
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12
Q

When epithelial cells are classified according to the number of cell layers, what does this mean?

A

They can either be simple which means they consist of one layer or they can be stratified which means they are multilayered

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13
Q

When epithelial cells are classified according to the shape of the component cells what does this mean?

A

Based on appearance at right angles to the epithelial surface. They can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar - simple epithelia. In stratified the surface shape determines the name

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14
Q

When epithelial cells are classified according to the presence of surface specialisations what does this mean?

A

It means the presence of specialisations such as cilia / keratin

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15
Q

There are different types of simple epithelia, list them.

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium
  2. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
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16
Q

Describe the structure of simple squamous epithelium

A

Flattened, irregular shaped cells forming a continuous surface often called pavemented epithelium

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17
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium found and why?

A

Found as lining surfaces involved in diffusion of gases .g. lungs or fluids e.g. blood capillaries

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18
Q

Sometimes simple squamous epithelial cells are difficult to recognise because they are too flattened. How do they sometimes show up under the microscope?

A

They can only be recognised by the nucleus which bulges into the lumen

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19
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

They are the intermediate between simple squamous and simple columnar

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20
Q

Describe the nucleus in a simple cuboidal cell.

A

Round and located in the centre of the cell

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21
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium cells found and what functions do they play? Give an example

A

Line small ducts and may have excretory, secretory or absorptive functions, e.g. collecting tubules of kidney

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22
Q

The cell borders in simple cuboidal cells are often indistinct so how would you be able to recognise these cells under a microscope?

A

The nuclei gives a clue to the cell shape, the nucleus is round and located in the centre of the cell

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23
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelial cells

A

They are like cuboidal cells but they are taller

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24
Q

Describe the nucleus in a simple columnar epithelial cell

A

They are elongated and may be located towards the base, apex or centre of the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found and give examples?

A

On absorptive surfaces e.g. small intestine, gall bladder (absorbs water)
or play a secretory role, e.g. the stomach

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26
Q

Explain why the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium are considered to be a true simple epithelium

A

All the cells rest on the basement membrane. The nuclei are all at different levels giving the appearance of different cell layers.

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27
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found?

A

Confined to airways so known as respiratory epithelium.

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28
Q

The pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium have cilia on them which propel the mucus to the pharynx, what is the term applied to this?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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29
Q

What are stratified epithelia?

A

Defined as epithelia consisting of two or more layers

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30
Q

What is the main function of stratified epithelia?

A

Mainly a protective function

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31
Q

Why are stratified epithelia poorly suited for absorption and secretion?

A

Due to the thickness of all the cell layers

32
Q

What is the classification of stratified epithelium based on?

A

Cell shape and structure

33
Q

What are the three types of stratified epithelium mentioned on the lecture slides?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  3. Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
34
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

Flattened cells at the top (surface) and cuboidal cells at the base (basement membrane)

35
Q

Which type of stratified squamous epithelium constitute the epithelium of the skin?

A

Keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

36
Q

How are keratinising stratified squamous epithelium specialised for their function?

A

Specialised to withstand constant abrasion and desiccation due to touch non living surface layer composed of keratin wrapped in plasma membrane

37
Q

What happens to the nucleus of the epithelium of stratified squamous epithelium as they mature?

A

The nuclei are eventually lost

38
Q

Describe the structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Thin stratified epithelium usually two or three layers of cuboidal cells only

39
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells found?

A

Lining of larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands, e.g. salivary glands

40
Q

The stratified cuboidal epithelium is more robust than simple epithelium. Also, they are not involved in any significant

A

secretory or absorptive activity

41
Q

Where are transitional epithelium found?

A

Only in the urinary tract in mammals

42
Q

Why are transitional epithelium only found in the urinary tract?

A

Because they are highly specialised to accommodate stretch and the toxicity of urine

43
Q

What are the features of transitional epithelium like?

A

Intermediate between stratified squamous epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium

44
Q

Describe the structure of transitional epithelium found in the urinary tract when stretched and relaxed.

A

When relaxed, they are rounded and large (u - like an umbrella lol) when stretched the surface layers and intermediate layers are extremely flattened

45
Q

List three membrane specialisations of epithelia

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Microvilli
  3. Goblet cells
46
Q

What are cilia?

A

Motile structures that project from the luminal surface of epithelial cells

47
Q

Where are cilia mostly found?

A

In the female reproductive tract and the respiratory tract

48
Q

Cilia may be how many micrometres long and a cell may have up to how many cilia?

A

10 micrometres, and a cell may have up to 300 cilia

49
Q

Are cilia easily seen via light microscopy?

A

Yasss!

50
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Minute fingerlike projections of the luminal plasma membrane found in epithelia that are specialised for absorption

51
Q

Up to how many times can microvilli increase the surface area?

A

x30 times

52
Q

Can cilia be resolved by a light microscope?

A

No and they appear as a brush border

53
Q

Give an example of where microvilli are found

A

The small intestine

54
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that synthesise and secrete mucus

55
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Scattered amongst many simple epithelia particularly the GI and respiratory tract

56
Q

What is PAS staining?

A

A staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as mucosubstances - glycoproteins, glycolipids

57
Q

What colour do goblet cells stain with PAS staining?

A

Bright pink

58
Q

Why do goblet cells stain bright pink with PAS staining?

A

Due to the secretions of mucus

59
Q

Epithelium that is primarily involved in secretory purposes is arranged into…

A

glands

60
Q

What are glands?

A

Invaginations of the epithelial surface which proliferate into the underlying connective tissue

61
Q

All glands have a continous basal rate of secretion which is then modulated by…

A

nervous and hormonal influences

62
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that release their contents onto an epithelial surface either directly or via a duct

63
Q

Where are exocrine glands found?

A

Vary from microscopic swear glands of the skin to large solid organs such as the liver

64
Q

The exocrine glands are divided and classified according to two traits what are these?

A

The secretory component and the duct system

65
Q

The secretory component of a gland may be

A

tubular or acinar, coiled or branched

66
Q

The duct system of an exocrine gland may be

A

branched (compound) or unbranched (simple)

67
Q

Where are simple tubular glands found?

A

In the large intestine

68
Q

Describe a simple tubular gland

A

A single straight tubular lumen into which the secretory products are discharged - the secretory cells line the entire duct

69
Q

Give an example of a simple coiled tubular gland

A

Sweat glands are the only type of example

70
Q

Describe a simple coiled tubular gland

A

Tightly coiled in 3d so different portions are seen in each plane of section

71
Q

Where are simple branched tubular glands found?

A

Mainly in the stomach, mucus secreting glands

72
Q

Describe a simple branched tubular gland

A

Several tubular secretory portions which converge onto a single unbranched duct

73
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that have lost their connection to the epithelial surface during development and release secretions directly into the blood

74
Q

Give an example of an endocrine gland

A

The thyroid gland

75
Q

What are secretions from endocrine glands mainly controlled by?

A

Metabolic factors such as glucose, secretion of other hormones and/or the nervous system

76
Q

Describe what endocrine glands look like

A

Contain clusters of secretory cells, each with their own basement membrane, surrounded by a rich network of blood vessels

77
Q

Where do endocrine glands release their secretions such as hormones?

A

Into the intercellular spaces from where they diffuse rapidly into the blood

Tissue Biology (16 decks)

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